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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Inatituta  for  Hiatorical  Microraproductions  /  Inatitut  Canadian  da  microraproductiona  hiatoriquaa 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


n 


D 


D 

0 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^  et/ou  pellicula 


□   Cover  title  missing/ 
Le 


D 


titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I   Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


r~y|   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
RellA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  Interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrAe  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  aJout4es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte. 
mais,  lorsque  cela  4tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  4t*  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl4mentairee; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meiileur  exemplaire 
qu'il  iui  a  6X6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqute  ci-dessous. 


□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


Th 
to 


D 
D 

D 


D 
121 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagtes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicuites 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dAcolories,  tachettes  ou  piquies 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachtes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


I     I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  matAriel  supplimentaire 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refllmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscureies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  *t4  fllmAes  i  nouveau  de  fapon  k 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Th 
po 
of 
fill 


Oi 
b« 
th 
si( 
ot 
fir 
si< 
or 


•n 

sh 
Tl 
wl 

M 
dli 
en 
bi 
ri« 
re 
m 


i 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  oheoked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  rMuetion  indlquA  oi*debtous 

10X                           14X                            18X                           22X 

2SX 

30X 

X 

• 

12X 

itx 

20X 

MX 

2tX 

»x 

'"»!wwta. 


The  copy  filmad  h«r«  has  b««n  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

La  BibliotMqua  de  la  Villa  da  Montrtel 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  it  la 
gAnArosit*  de: 

La  BIbliothdque  de  la  Villa  da  IMontrfol 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  beet  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  In  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specificationa. 


Lee  imeges  suiventes  ont  4ti  reproduites  avec  ie 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  netteti  de  rexemplaire  fiimi,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  In  printed  paper  oovera  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  Illustrated  impres* 
sion,  or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  iiluatrated  Impres* 
sion,  and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  origlnaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  filmis  en  commen9ant 
par  Ie  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  Ie  second 
plat,  salon  Ie  caa.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
origlnaux  sont  fllmis  on  commen^ant  par  la 
premlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  pege  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  lest  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  appliea. 


Un  dee  symbolee  suivents  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernlAre  imege  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  Ie 
caa:  Ie  symbols  — »>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  Ie 
symbols  y  signifie  "FIN". 


Mops,  pistes,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
differer  c  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  expoaure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrams  Illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
filmAe  i  dee  taux  de  rMuction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  11  est  film*  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  geuche,  de  geuche  *  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bee,  en  prenent  Ie  nombre 
d'imagee  nAceaaaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivents 
illustrant  la  mithoda. 


1 

a 

a 

4 

6 

6 

THE 


0rtj|  l^mcrkan  ^3) Ik; 


on,    A    DESCRIPTION   OF   THE 


FOREST   TREES 


UNITED  STATES,  CANADA,  AND  NOVA  SCOTIA, 


NOT    nESCniTlED    IN    THE    WORK    OF 


F.  ANDREW  MICHAUX, 


AND  eONTAINIXO  AIL  TM 


FOREST  TREES  DIPCOVEHED  IX   THE   ROCKY  MOUNTAINS,  THE  TERRITORY  OP 

ORKUON,  DOWN  TO  THE  SHORES  OF  THE  PACIFIC,  AND  INTO  THE 

CONFINES  OF  CALIFORNIA,  AS  WELL  AS  IN  VARIOUS 

PARTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


IIiLUSTBATED    BY    121  COLOKED    PLATES. 


THOMAS  NUTTALL,  F.L.S. 

MIHBHl  or  TUB  AMEHILA.N   PliaOSOPIIIcAI.  sn,  IKTV.   AND  OF  THE   AlAUtMV  OF  NATl'BAt  8CIENCI8 
OF  rUlLAUUI-UIA,  £TC.  ITC.  ITC. 


THREE  VOLUMES  IN  TWO. 
VOL.  I. 


BEING   THE   FOURTH  VOLUME   OF  MiniAUX  AND  NUTTALL'S 
NOIITH  AMERICAN  SYLVA. 


I'll  1  LA  I)  K  LP  II  1  A: 

W\l.     HUTTEK     &     CO., 

BEVENTII  &  CIIEUHY    STUEKT8. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Oongren,  Id  the  year  1806,  hy 

RICE,  RUTTKR  ft  CO., 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Cnurt  of  thn  United  States  for  the  Eastern  District  of 

Peiiiisylvaniii. 


stkrkotvi'Kh  bv  ?..  Johnson  and  co. 

nill.AllKt.l'lIM. 


TsTwy 


f  AX  TON     IM118B    ()  If 

B  UK  II  MAN   ,v   (1).,   r  II  I  I.  A  hi;  I.  !•  11  I  A. 


t6  the  late 
WILLIAM  MACLURE,  ESQ. 

rsEsiDEMT  OF  im:  academv  op  natdral  sciences  is  piiiladelhiia,  etc.  etc 

AS  A  MEMENTO  OF  HIS  ATTACHMENT  TO,   AND   LIBEIIAL  ENCOURAGEMENT  OF,  NATURAI. 
SCIENCES  IN  NOKTII  AMERICA ; 

ALSO,   TO  , 


F.  ANDREW  MICHAUX, 

MEMBER  OF  THE  AMERICAN  PIIILOSOPIIICAI,  SOCIETV,  CORntSPONDENT  OK  THE  INSTITUTE 
OP  FUANCK,  ETC.  ETC., 

WHOSE  NAME  IS  IDENTIFIED  WITH   THE  IIISTOIIY   AND    IMPORTANCE  OF  THE   PRODUCTIONS 
OF  THE   NORTH  AMERICAN   FOREST, 


aijis  gJlorli 


IB  MOST  RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED  BY 


THE  AUTHOR  OF  THIS  SUPPLEMENT. 


1 


I 


PREFACE. 


The  Forest  Trkes  of  Ameuioa  being  a  subject  of  such  great 
extent  and  importance,  I  felt,  consequently,  very  dilHdent  of  under- 
taking their  study,  after  what  lias  been  already  done  so  well  by  my 
predecessor,  AT.  ^ricii.u.x.  Yet,  in  oU'eriiig  a  new  edition  of  the 
AsiKRit'AN  Sylva  in  English,  it  a[)iieared  requisite,  in  keeping  pace 
with  the  progress  of  discovery,  that  all  the  forest  trees  of  the  ex- 
tended dominion  of  the  United  States  should,  in  some  way  or 
other,  be  included  in  the  present  publication;  and,  I  confess,  the 
magnitude  of  the  task  appeared,  at  first,  sufficiently  appalling, 
when  we  reflect  on  the  vast  territory  now  claimed  by  the  United 
States.  Beginning  with  the  arctic  limits  of  all  arborescent  vege- 
tation, in  the  wilds  of  Camida,  which  we  cannot  with  propriety 
exclude,  forming  as  it  does  the  boreal  boundary  of  the  North  Ame- 
rican forest,  we  then  follow  the  extended  shores  of  the  Atlantic, 
until,  toward  the  extremity  of  East  Florida,  and  its  keys  or 
islands,  we  have  attained  the  very  con  lines  of  the  tropical  circle, 
and  make  a  near  approach  to  the  island  of  Cuba  and  the  Uaha- 
mas.  Turning  westward,  we  pass  over  the  wide  forests  of  the 
Mississippi,  pursue  the  Wt'stern  streams,  through  vast  woodless 
plains,  until  wc  attain  the  long  ci-ests  of  the  liocky  Mountains 
or  Northern  Andes.  Here,  in  these  alpine  regions,  we  meet  with 
a  total  change  in  the  features  of  the  ibrest:  resiuiferous  evergreens, 
of  the  family  of  the  Tines,  now  predominate,  and  attain  the  most 
gigantic  dimensions.  All  the  species  (and  they  are  numerous)  have 
peculiar  traits,  and  form  so  many  curious  and  distinct  species,  of 
which  little  is  yet  known  more  tlian  their  botanical  designation. 
Other  remarkable  forest  trees,  also  imiierfectly  known,  inlial)it  this 
great  range  of  mountains,  which  continues  uninterruptedly  into  tho 
interior  of  Mexico  in  its  southern  course;  while  on  tho  north,  follow- 
ing the  sources  of  the  Missouri  and  the  Oregon,  and  after  thus  dividing 
the  waters  which  tlow  info  tlie  Atlantic  and  I'acitic,  it  is  iit  length 


(> 


r  II  E  F  A  C  E. 


merged  in  tlio  "Shining  Mountains,"  which  send  off  their  distant 
trihntiii'ic's  to  tho  Arittic  Ocean. 

The  jilains  of  the  Upper  LMatte,  those  of  the  Oregon  and  of  North- 
ern Cuiirornia,  a  region  hcrcft  of  suininer  rains,  forming  extensive 
barren  HU'inu-.-i,  like  those  of  Siberia,  present  no  forests,  scarcely 
an  alhivial  belt  along  llie  larger  streams  of  sufficient  magnitude  to 
afford  even  fuel  for  tiio  eamp-iire  of  the  wandering  hunter  or  the 
erratic  savage.  Tho  scanty  (b'iftwood  borne  down  from  the  moun- 
tains, the  low  bitter  bushes  of  the  arid  plain,  even  the  dry  ordure 
of  the  bison,  is  colle(;ted  for  fuel,  and  barely  suffices  to  prepare  a 
hasty  meal  for  the  passing  traveller,  who,  urged  by  hunger  and 
thirst,  hurries  over  the  desert,  a  region  doomed  to  desolation,  and, 
amid  privations  the  most  ••piialling,  lives  in  the  hope  of  again  see- 
ing forests  and  green  fields  in  lieu  of  arid  plains  and  bitter  weeds, 
which  tantalized  our  famished  aninuils  with  the  fallacious  appear- 
ance of  i'ood,  like  the  cast-away  mariner  raging  with  thirst,  though 
surrounded  with  water  as  fatal  to  the  longing  appetite  as  poison. 

Toward  the  shores  of  tlio  I'acitic,  and  on  the  banks  of  the  Oregon, 
we  aijrain  meet  with  tho  uirrecablc  features  of  the  forest : — 


■■S 


I 


:t 


I 

i 


"  MiijcHtio  wooiIh,  of  every  vigorous  green, 
Stngo  nbovo  stngc,  high  waving  o'er  tho  hills, 
Or  to  tiio  far  horizon  wide  dilTuscd, 
A  bouudleas,  deci)  inimcusity  of  slwdc." 

Transported  in  idea  to  the  border  of  the  Hudson  or  the  Dela- 
ware, we  recline  beneath  the  shade  of  venerable  Oaks  and  spreading 
Maples  ;  wo  see,  as  it  were,  fringing  the  streams,  the  familiar  Cotton- 
wood and  spreading  Willows.  On  the  higher  plains,  and  ascending 
the  lulls  and  mountains  to  their  summits,  we  see  a  dark  forest  of 
lofty  Pines ;  we  hear  tho  light  breeze  sigh  and  murmur  through 
their  l)ranehes  as  it  did  to  the  poets  of  old.  But  the  botanist,  in 
all  this  array,  fails  to  recjognise  one  solitary  acquaintance  of  hia 
former  scenes:  he  is  emphatically  in  a  strange  land;  a  new  crea- 
tion, even  of  forest  trees,  is  spread  around  him,  and  the  tall  Andes 
and  with-  deserts  rise  as  a  barrier  l)ctwixt  him  and  his  distant  home. 

My  indulgent  reader  will  then  excuse  me,  if  I,  on  this  occasion, 
appear  before  him  only  as  a  botanist;  culling  tliose  objects  which 
have  given  him  so  much  deliglit,  lie  wislies  to  present  tliem  to  the 


I 


St 


P  R  E  F  A  C  E. 


J, 

n 
a- 


■I 


curious  public,  iilivc  to  tlii'  beauties  and  symmetry  of  nature's  Morks. 
Whatever  is  yet  known  of  their  uses  and  history  is  also  given;  and, 
that  the  task  niiglit  l)e  more  eoniplete,  we  have  rambled  a  little  be- 
yond, rather  than  tallen  short  of,  the  exact  limits  of  the  Kepul)Iic. 
"VVe  have  thus  added,  as  our  friends  Torrev  and  Orav  have  done,  in 
their  general  Flora,  a  collection  of  the  trees  of  Upper  California, 
extending  our  ramble  as  far  as  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Barl)ara, 
in  about  the  34th  degree  of  north  latitude.  "We  here  met  with 
several  Oaks,  Pines,  a  Plane  Tree,  a  Horse-chestnut,  and  a  Box  Elder, 
which  have  not  yet  been  found  within  the  limits  of  the  Teiritory  oi 
Oregon. 

AVhile  the  work  was  in  progress,  Professor  Torrey  informed  me 
of  the  arrival  of  a  largo  collection  of  dried  plants  from  Key  West,  in 
East  Florida,  made  by  Doctor  Blodgett,  of  the  United  States  army. 
All  the  trees  in  this  herbarium — at  least  forty  species — were  in  the 
most  generous  manner  given  up  to  me  for  publication  by  the  pro- 
fessor. Most  of  them  form  distinguishing  features  in  the  tropical 
landscape  of  the  West  India  Islands.  Among  them  wore  the  ]^Ia- 
hogany,  Simaruba,  the  Guaiacum  or  Lignum-Vitce,  the  poisonous 
Manchineel,  several  trees  of  the  family  of  the  Myrtles,  {Eugmla,) 
three  or  four  species  of  Fig  Trees,  the  Calabash,  and  Papaw  or  Me- 
lon Tree,  the  Mangrove,  two  species  of  Cordia,  the  West  India  Birch, 
{Burscra  gimmifcra,)  and  many  other  arborescent  plants  which  are 
now  for  the  first  time  added  to  the  Flora  of  the  United  States,  and 
thus  in  a  measure  resolving  the  problem  of  the  geographical  limits 
of  the  Caribbean  Flora.  The  island  of  Key  West  lies  about  eighty- 
five  miles  from  East  Florida,  and  is  the  same  distance  from  Cuba. 
It  is  about  nine  miles  long  and  three  broad,  containing  a  popula- 
tion of  about  four  hundred  people,  chiefly  engaged  as  wreckers. 

Besides  the  trees  we  have  noticed,  I  have  been  recently  informed 
of  the  existence  of  thickets  of  Cactuses  on  the  island,  one  of  which, 
with  an  erect,  cylindric,  and  divided  stem,  attains  the  height  of  thirty 
or  more  feet. 

In  the  islands  of  the  Everglades,  considerably  inland  in  East  Flo- 
rida, we  have  been  info-med  that  a  Palm  about  ninety  feet  high, 
forming  a  magnificent  tree,  has  been  seen ;  but  of  this  plant  we  have 
been  unable  to  obtain,  as  yet,  any  farther  account. 

The  haste  with  which  I  have  been  obliged  to  proceed  with  the 


8 


r  11  E  V  A  C  E. 


puMication  has  prevented  me  from  receiving  much  advantage  from 
correspondents.  Sucli  as  have  honored  mo  witli  their  remarks  are 
mentioned  under  the  appropi'iate  articles  as  they  occur  in  the  work  ; 
and  I  take  this  opportunity  of  tendering  them  my  sincere  thanks 
tor  all  such  assistance. 

As  fast  as  new  materials  may  he  discovered,  we  intend  to  give 
them  to  the  world  in  tlie  form  of  a  supplement ;  and  wc  shall  then 
also  have  an  additional  opportunity  for  correcting  any  errors  which 
may  have  occurred  either  in  regard  to  information  or  in  the  pro- 
gress of  printing,  as  well  as  of  making  such  additions  as  a  more 
thorough  examination  of  the  snhject  may  suggest,  particularly  the 
characters  of  the  different  kinds  of  wood  indigenous  to  the  most 
extended  limits  of  the  Repuhlic. 


I'  i 


Thirty-four  years  ago,  I  left  England  to  explore  the  natural  his- 
to?'y  of  the  United  States.  In  the  ship  Halcyon  I  arrived  at  the 
shores  of  the  l^cw  World ;  and,  after  a  hoisterous  and  dangerous 
passage,  our  dismasted  vessel  entered  the  Capes  of  the  Delaware  in 
the  month  of  April.  The  beautiful  rohing  of  forest  scenery,  now 
bursting  into  vernal  life,  was  exchanged  for  the  monotony  of  the 
dreary  ocean,  and  the  sad  sickness  of  the  sea.  As  we  sailed  up  the 
Delaware,  my  eyes  wei'e  riveted  on  the  landscape  with  intense  ad- 
nnration.  All  was  new;  and  life,  like  that  season,  was  then  full 
of  hope  and  enthusiasm.  The  forests,  apparently  unbroken  in 
their  primeval  solitude  and  repose,  spread  themselves  on  either 
hand  as  we  passed  placidly  along.  The  extending  vista  of  dai'k 
Pines  gave  an  air  of  deep  sadness  to  the  wilderness  . — 

"Tliesc  lonely  regions,  where,  retired 
From  little  scenes  of  nrt,  great  Nature  dwells 
In  awful  solitude,  and  naught  is  seen 
But  the  wild  herds  that  own  no  master's  stall." 


The  deer  brought  to  bay,  or  plunging  into  the  flood  from  the  pur- 
suit of  the  Indian  armed  with  bow  and  arrow,  alone  seemed  want- 
ing to  realize  the  savage  landscape  as  it  appeared  to  the  first  settlers 
of  the  country. 

Scenes  like  t\w>e  have  little  attraction  for  ordinary  life.     But  to 


P  11  E  F  A  C  E. 


9 


But  to 


the  naturalist  it  is  far  otherwise;  privations  to  liiiu  are  olieaply  pur- 
cliased  if  he  may  but  ro  m  i  over  the  wild  domain  of  primeval  na- 
ture, and  hehold 

"  Aiiiitlier  Flora  tlioro,  of  boUk'r  Iiucm 
And  riclier  swt'ots,  bcyniul  our  giinU'ii's  pride." 

How  often  have  I  realized  the  poet's  huoyaiit  hopes  amid  these 
solitary  rambles  through  interminable  forests!  For  thousands  of 
miles  my  chief  converse  has  been  in  the  wihlerness  with  the  spon- 
taneous productions  of  nature ;  and  the  study  of  these  objects  and 
their  contemplation  has  been  to  me  a  source  of  eonst;int  deliyht. 

This  fervid  curiosity  led  me  to  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  through 
the  dark  forests  and  brakes  of  tlie  Mississippi,  to  the  distant  lakes 
of  the  northern  frontier;  through  the  wilds  of  Florida;  far  np  the 
Red  River  and  the  Missouri,  and  through  the  territory  of  Arkansas ; 
at  last  over  the 

"Vnst  saviinniip,  wliove  the  Wiiiidoring  eye, 
Uiitix'd,  is  in  a  verdiint  oeeitu  lust;" 

And  now  across  the  arid  plains  of  the  Far  West,  beyond  the  steppes 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  down  the  Oregon  to  the  extended  shores 
of  the  PaciHc,  across  the  distant  ocean  to  that  famous  group,  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  where  Cook  at  lengtli  fell  a  sacrifiixi  to  his  teme- 
rity. And  here  for  the  first  time  I  beheld  the  beauties  of  a  tro- 
pical vegetation ;  a  season  that  knows  no  change,  but  that  of  a  per- 
petual spring  and  summer;  an  elysiau  land,  whore  nature  ofters 
spontaneous  food  to  num.  The  region  of  the  Bread-fruit ;  the  Tai-- 
row,  [Cohcasia  cseulmta,)  which  feeds  the  indigent  mass  of  the  popu- 
lation; the  Broussonetia,  a  kind  of  ^Mulberry  Tree,  whose  inner  rind, 
called  tapa,  affords  a  universal  clothing.  The  low  groves  produce 
the  Banana,  the  Ginger,  the  Turmeric,  the  inebriating  Kava,  [Pipi')' 
melhi/sticum,)  a  kind  of  Arrowroot,  resembling  the  potato,  {Tarra,) 
and  the  Saccharine  Tee  root,  (Dracfvna  (crminalis,)  at  the  same  time 
the  best  of  portable  fodder.  The  common  timber  for  constructing 
houses,  boats,  various  implements,  and  the  best  of  fuel,  is  here  the 
produce  of  a  Mimosa,  (Ai'acia  hdcrophylla.)  For  liglits  and  oil,  the 
too  iooe  kernels  {Alexrilcs  triloba)  produce  an  excellent  and  inexhaust- 
ible  supply;    the  cocoanut  and  the   fragrant  Pamkniis  afford  deli- 

IV.— 1* 


^1  '  I 


10 


PREFACE. 


cious  food,  cordage,  and  mats;  and  tlio  very  reods,  reduced  in  size, 
which  hordcr  tlio  rivulets,  arc  no  ollur  tlian  the  precious  sugar- 
cane of  comniorco. 

Leaving  this  favored  region  of  perpetual  mildness,  I  now  arrived 
on  the  shores  of  California,  at  Monterey.  The  early  spring  (March) 
liad  ali'cady  spread  out  its  varied  carpet  of  flowers;  all  of  them  had 
to  me  the  charm  of  novelty,  and  many  were  adorned  with  the  most 
hrilliam;  and  varied  lines.  The  forest  trees  were  new  to  my  view. 
A  magpie,  almost  like  that  of  Europe,  (hut  with  a  yellow  hill,) 
chattered  from  the  hranches  of  an  Oak  with  leaves  like  those  of 
the  II0II3',  [QiiircKs  ar/rij'<ilii(.)  A  thorny  Qoosehcrry,  forming  a  snudl 
tree,  appearc<l  clal  witli  pendulous  flowers  as  hrilliant  as  those  of  a 
Fuchsia.  A  new  Plane  Tree  sjircad  its  wide  arms  over  the  dried 
rivulets.  A  Ceanothus.  attaining  the  magnitude  of  a  small  tree, 
loaded  with  sky-hhie  withered  flowers,  lay  on  the  rude  wood-pile, 
consigned  to  the  menial  ottice  of  affording  fuel.  Already  the  cheer- 
ful mocking-hird  sent  forth  his  varied  melody,  with  rapture  imi- 
tating the  novel  notes  of  his  iieighhoring  songsters.  The  scenery 
was  mountainous  and  varied,  one  vast  wilderness,  neglected  and 
uncultivated  ;  the  very  cattle  appeared  as  wild  as  the  hison  of  the 
ju'airies,  and  the  prowling  wolves,  ((^'"//"/cx,)  well  fed,  were  as  tamo 
as  dogs,  and  every  night  yelled  familiarly  through  tlie  village.  In 
this  region  the  Olive  and  the  Viuv  tlirove  with  luxuriance  and 
teemed  with  fruit;  the  Prickly  Pears  {Cactus}  became  small  trees, 
and  the  rare  blooming  Aloe  {Afjurc  AiDd-lcnnn)  a[)peared  consigned 
without  care  to  the  hedgerow  of  the  garden. 

After  a  perilous  passage  around  Cajic  Horn,  the  dreary-  extremity 
of  South  America,  amid  mountains  of  ice  Avhich  opposed  our  pro- 
gress in  unusual  array,  we  arrived  again  at  the  shores  of  the  At- 
lantic. Once  more  I  hailed  those  delightful  scenes  of  miture  with 
which  I  had  been  so  long  associatoil.  I  rambled  again  through  the 
shade  of  the  Atlantic  forests,  or  culled  some  rare  productions  of  Flora 
in  their  native  wilds.  Hut  the  "oft-lold  tale"  approaches  to  its  close, 
and  I  must  now  bid  a  long  ad'eu  to  the  "New  World,"  its  sylvan 
scenes,  its  mountains,  wilds,  and  plains;  and  lu'iicelbrth,  in  tho 
livening  of  my  career,  I  return,  almost  an  exile,  to  the  land  of  my 
•lativity. 


.1 


CONTENTS  OF  VOLUME  FIRST. 


'■$ 


PAOI 

Wksteun  Oak Qaercus  Gcnri/ana 14 

Ilolly-Loaved  Oak Qucrcus  agrifoUa 1<5 

Rocky  Mountain  Oak Qucrcns  undalata 10 

Douglas  Oak Qucrcus  DoUfjlam  20 

Densc-Fknvercd  Oak Qucrcus  dowjiora  21 

Lea's  Oak , Qucrcus  Lcana 25 

Dwarf  Chestnut Castanea  ainifolia 3(3 

Western  Birch Bdula  OcridoitaUs 40 

Oval-Lcavcil  Birch Bdula  rhombifoUa 41 

Oregon  Alder Ahius  Orcgcna 44 

Thin-Leaved  Alder Alnuft  tcnuifoUa 48 

Sea-Side  Alder Alnus  marilima  50 

Opariuc-Lcavcd  Elm Ulmus  opaca 51 

Thomas's  Elm Ulmus  raccmosa 53 

Small-Fruited  Hickory Cur>/a  mkrocarpa 55 

Inodorous  Candle  Tree Mi/rica  inodora 59 

California  Buttonwood Platanus  raccmosa 63 

Narrow-Leaved  Balsam  Poplar Populus  onf)usl>fi)li'i 68 

Long-Leaved  Willow Salix  spcciom 74 

Long-Leaved  Bay  Willow S<dlx  pcntandrK 77 

Western  Yellow  Willow Sulh:  lutca 78 

Silver-Leaved  Willow Snlix  arrpphj/lla 87 

Dusky  Willow Satlx  nutaitopsig 93 

California  Bay  T-,,,o Drhimpht/lliini  paucijiorum 102 

Large-Leaved  Linden 'J'ilia  hckroplij/lhi 107 

American  Mangle Jilihophora  A  )iicricana 112 

Florida  Guavu Psidium  hurifollum 115 

11 


12 


CONTENTS. 


PAOB 

Forked  Calyptranthcs Cahjptranthcs  (hi/traciiUa 117 

Small-Leaved  Eugenia ..Eugenia  dlchotoma 120 

Tall  Eugenia Eugenia  procera 122 

Box-Leaved  Eugenia Eugenia  buxifoUa 123 

Indian  Almond Terminalia  catappa 125 

Button  Tree Conocarpus  crccta 128 

White  Mangi-ove Lngxnruhiria  raccmosa 132 

Rabbit  Berry Shcplicrdia  argcntcn 134 

Mountain  Plum Ximenia  Americana 138 

Osage  Orange 3larh(ra  auraniiaca 140 

Small-Leaved  Nettle  Tree Cdlis  reticulata 147 

Long-Leaved  Nettle  Tree Cdtis  hngifoUa 148 

Cherry  Fig  Tree Ficus  pcdunculata 151 

Short-Leaved  Fig  Tree Ficus  brcrifolia 153 

Small-Fruited  Fig  Tree Ficus  aurea 154 

Red  Thorn Crata;gus  sanguinca 157 

Lance-Leaved  nawthorn Cratccgus  arborcsccns IGO 

Soft-Leaved  Cherry Ccrasus  7noUis 164 

IIolly-Leaved  Cherry Ccrasus  ilicifolia 165 

"Wild  Plum Prunus  Americana 169 

River  Crab  Apple Pgrus  rivularis 172 

American  Mountain  Ash Pgrus  Americana 175 

Feather  Bush Ccrcocarpus  Icdifolius 178 

Jamaica  Dogwood Piscidia  crgthrina 180 

Broad-Podded  Acacia Acacia  latisiUqua  183 

Blunt-Leaved  Inga Inga  vngut6-cati 180 

Guadaloupc  Inga Inga  Guadidupcnis 188 

Jamaica  Box  wood Schaffcra  burlfolia 190 

Tree  Coanothus Ccanothus  thgrsijlorus 193 

Snake-Wood Colubrina  A  mcricana 195 

Carolina  Buckthorn lihamnus  Carolinianus  198 

Maiichincel Ilippomane  mancinclla 202 


THE 


NORTH  AMERICAN 
SYLVA. 


OAKS. 

Natural  Onlcr,  Cui'ULll'KH/K.     Lhiiicraa  Classification,  MoNffiCiA, 

P()I,YAx\DUIA. 


(iUKliCUS.    (ToniNEroRT.) 

Moxau'ious.  jMai-k  (Iowith  in  Ioohc  catkiiiH  or  nit'cmes.  Cdjix  inoiio- 
pliyllouH,  more  or  kms  doc'iily  r)-cleft.  SUimcns,  live  to  ton  witli 
sliort  liliiniciitrt,  the  anthcru  oval  and  2-ocllcd. 

Fkmai-k  flower  Holitary,  with  a  ciip-shapcd,  undivided,  heniiHidierical 
iiivolucrum  lornicd  ol'  aj;u;lutinat('d  ind)rioate  scales,  Honietirncs 
free  at  the  suintnit.  J'criaiith  minute,  superior.  Ocari/  terminated 
by  two  to  three  Hti;,'mas,  U-eelled,  with  two  ovules.  Aid  ov  (/hind 
ovate-rylindric,  eoriaeeous,  and  smooth,  1-celled;  alljumeu  none, 
gorm  ereet,  with  thiek  and  lleshy  cotyledons. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  principally  of  tomperato  rcgiojis.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, sti[iulate,  simple.  Flowers  <,'rcen  and  iueonsjiieuous,  aiipcariiig 
before  the  complete  expansion  of  the  loaves.  Nearly  allieil  to  the 
Chestnuts,  ((h.^lmiKi.) 

13 


I     1 

I    ,  I 

;  'I 
1 


M 


I' 


'\'i 


\  i 


WESTERN  OAK. 

QuERCUS  Gaeuyana,  (Dougl,  Ms8.)  Foliis  pdiolatis,  obovatis,  utrinque 
obtusis  sinualis  subtits  pubcsccntibus,  aduJtis  siihglabris,  lobis  obtusis  sub- 
cequaltbiis  supnioribus  subbilobis,  frucUbus  scssilibns,  mpula  subhemi- 
sphocrica  dense  squamosa,  squamis  acnmiimtis  puhesccntibus,  glande  ovata. 

Qdercus  Garri/aiKi,  IIookkr,  Flor.  Bor.  Anier.,  vol.  ii.  p.  159. 

In  our  western  tour  across  the  continent,  no  feature  of  the 
landscape  appeared  more  remarkable,  after  passing  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  the  wide  alluvial  borders  of  the  Platte,  than  the 
almost  total  absence  of  our  most  characteristic  foi-est  trees,  the 
Oaks.  When  at  length  we  approached  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
or  Northern  Andes,  we  looked  in  vain  for  any  species  of  this 
important  genus;  and,  as  far  as  the  eye  could  trace,  we  com- 
monly saw  nothing  but  a  dark,  unbroken  mass  of  gigantic  Firs 
and  Pines.  It  was  not  till  we  had  neai'ly  reached  the  shores 
of  the  Pacific,  that  we  again  beheld  any  of  the  familiar  features 
of  the  Atlantic  forest.  At  the  confluence  of  the  Columbia  and 
the  Wahlamet  we  pitched  our  tents  and  moored  our  vessel, 
which  had  passed  Cape  Horn,  beneath  the  spreading  shade  of 
majestic  Oaks.  With  the  first  appearance  of  extended  alluvial 
plains,  immediately  below  the  singular  falls  of  the  Oi'egon, 
called  the  Dalles,  or  Dykes,  we  observed,  for  the  first  time,  this 
Western  Oak  loaded  with  its  fruit. 

The  strong  resemblance  oi  the  leaf  of  this  species  to  that 
of  the  Post  Oak  {Qiwrcun  utellaia)  is  almost  a  libel  upon  our 
gigantic  plant,  which  may  well  rank  among  the  largest  of  its 
species.  It  attains  the  height  of  nir.nty  or  one  hundred  feet, 
if  not  more,  with  a  diameter  of  from  three  to  six  feet;  indeed, 
amidst  a  forest  the  most  remarkable  in  the  world  for  its  ex- 
treme elevation,  our  Oak  still  Ixire  a  strict  comparison  with  the 
14 


itr 


inque 


sis  sub- 
'ibhemi- 
?  ovata. 


3f  the 
Mis- 
1  the 
s,  the 
tains, 
r  this 
corn- 
Firs 
bores 
tures 
i  and 
?ssel, 
leof 
ivial 
gon, 
this 


that 
our 
^its 
roet, 
eed, 
ex- 
the 


'^■V 


I  I 


N 


1 


I'l  I 


t 


(MiciMiis  ri.ii'pyiiii;i 


I 


I  II    '• 

1 


WES  T  E  U  N    0  A  K. 


15 


rest.  Its  character,  in  nearly  all  respects,  equals  the  famous 
Oak  of  Northern  Europe,  {Q.  f)((h(iici(l(i(a;)  its  lofty  summit 
and  enormous  branches  s[)read  out  far  and  wide,  affording  the 
most  perfect  shade ;  and,  as  a  picturesque  tree,  it  is  much  the 
most  striking  in  the  Western  landscape.  As  an  object  of 
economy,  we  found  it  of  tiie  last  inqwrtance,  useful  timber 
trees  being  scarce  along  the  Oregon;  indeed,  no  other  Oak 
exists  along  the  coast  of  the  Pacific  but  the  present,  till  we 
arrive  at  the  absolute  boundary  of  California.  How  lar  it 
extends  to  the  north  I  am  unable  to  sny,  but  ])robably  as 
far  as  Nootka  Sound.  In  U[)i)er  California  it  is  scarcely  found 
beyond  Monterey ;  its  limit  is  probably  somewhere  between  the 
38th  and  50th  degree. 

The  wood  is  remarkably  white  for  an  Oak,  hard  and  fine- 
grained, and  well  suited  for  almost  every  kind  of  construction 
for  which  the  White  Oak  or  English  Oak  is  employed.  It  was 
used  by  our  trading  party  as  barrel-staves,  and  was  found  no- 
Avay  inferior  to  White  Oak.  Logs  of  it  brought  a  good  price 
at  the  Sandwich  Islands ;  and,  in  short,  thei'o  is  scarcely  any 
thing  in  which  strength  or  durability  are  re([uisite,  for  which 
this  timber  is  not  suited.  The  acorns,  being  sweet  and  agree- 
able, form  an  excellent  mast  for  hogs;  and  even  the  aborigines 
of  this  region,  who  never  cidtivate  the  soil,  employed  them  for 
food,  first  prepariiig  them  by  stoving  and  afterward  laying  them 
Jiway  under  ground  for  future  use. 

The  acorns  are  much  larger  than  those  of  the  Post  Oak,  as 
well  as  rounder.  The  leaf  beat's  a  considerable  resemblance  to 
that  species,  but  is  snuiUcr,  and,  in  fact,  intermediate  in  form 
between  it  and  the  Euroi)ean  species,  [Q.  'pednnculaki.)  It 
differs  from  both  in  the  whiteness  of  its  wood.  The  bark  is 
whitish  and  scaly,  almost  similar  to  that  of  the  White  Oak. 
The  leaves  from  the  first  are  not  pubescent  above,  or  only 
slightly  so  along  the  midrib ;  the  hairs,  more  numerous  beneath, 
are,  as  in  many  other  species,  (loUected  into  sti'llated  clusters; 


16 


HOLLY-LEAVED    OAK. 


the  young  li'av(!H  of  the  Post  Oiik,  previous  to  expansion,  appear 
browni.sli-yellow  urul  like  a  mass  of  velvet,  with  the  copious 
pubescence  by  which  they  are  chid;  in  ours  this  appearance 
never  occurs,  and  the  old  leaves  become  nearly  smooth;  the 
lobes  have  narrow,  sinuous  openings,  wiiicli  scarcely  pass  half- 
way down  through  the  leaf;  the  lobes  ax^e  usually  four  on  a 
side,  and  possess  no  great  inequality  with  each  other;  the 
upper  pair  mostly  present  a  notch  or  small  division  on  the 
lower  side,  but  nothing  analogous  to  the  singular  obtuse  dilata- 
tion which  that  part  of  the  leaf  exhibits  in  the  Post  Oak. 
The  acorns,  Ix'sides  l)eing  larger,  are  not  striated,  and  the  scales 
of  the  cup  are  acuminate,  and  the  upper  ones  free. 


!     I 


PLATE  I. 

A  younrj  Imiiich,  vilJi  the  Irttrcs  vol  fulli/  expanded,  ivith  barren  aments. 


u 


IIOLLY-LEAYED   OAK. 


!>     ' 


QUEHCUS  AouiFOLiA.  Fiilils  hito-uvalis  sidx'ordatis  dentato-spbwsis  glabris, 
frncliliKs  axilla rlhii.'<  ,'-r.'<sillhiis. — Ni;k,  in  Aiuial.  Seieiic.  Nat.,  vol.  iii. 
p.  271.    AunulH  of  Botany,  No.  4,  p.  lOG. 

QuEUOUS  AoiiiKOLtA.  Foliis  percmiantihus  subrofundo-ovatis  sid)cordatis 
utrinquc.  </lalirls  rciiioic  spinosn-dcnfads,  cupula  hemisphcerica ;  squcunis 
adprcsm  oblHsinscnlis,  <jlaiidr  orala  acula. — PuRSii,  Flor.  Bor.  Am., 
ii.  p.  GaT.    WiLM).  Si).,  pi.  4,  p.  4.3L 

A71  Ilex  folio  <i</rij'<ilii  A  mrrieana,  forte  agria,  vel  aquifolia  glandifera  ? — 
Plukenet,  till).  1!»0,  lig.  3. 

This  species,  almost  the  only  one  which  attains  the  magni- 
tude of  a  tree  in  Upper  California,  is  abundantly  dispersed  over 
the  plain  on  which  Santa  Barbara  is  situated;  and,  being  ever- 
green, forms  a  consj)icuous  and  predominant  feature  in  the  vege- 


'4 


1^ 


!! 


!! 


u 


1 


( In  lie  II  I'riiillfniii-  Uiiii.i- 


11 


HOLLY-LEAVED     OAK. 


17 


% 


I 


f 


3 


tation  of  this  remote  and  singular  part  of  tlie  Western  world. 
It  a[i[)ears  nitjre  sjjaringly  around  Monterey,  and  seaniely  ex- 
tends on  the  north  as  lar  as  the  line  of  the  Oreiion  Territory. 
It  attains  the  heiglit  of  about  forty  or  fifty  feet,  with  a  diameter 
rarely  exeeeding  eighteen  inches.  The  bark  is  nearly  as  rough 
as  in  the  Red  Oak ;  the  wood,  hard,  brittle,  and  reddish,  is  used 
only  lor  the  purposes  of  fuel  or  the  coarse  construction  of  a  log 
cal)in. 

As  an  ornamental  tree,  for  the  South  of  Europe  or  the 
warmer  States  of  the  Union,  we  may  reconnnend  this  species. 
It  forms  a  roundish  summit,  tiud  s[)reuds  l)ut  little  till  it  attains 
a  considerable  age;  as  a  hedge,  it  would  form  a  very  close 
shelter,  and  tlie  leaves,  evergreen  and  nearly  as  i)rickly  as  a 
holly,  would  render  it  almost  impervious  to  most  animals. 

The  leaves  vary  fiom  roundish  ovate  to  elliptic,  and  are  of  a 
thick,  rigid  consistence,  the  serratures  (piite  shiirp;  the  young 
shoots  are  covered  more  or  less  with  stellate  hairs,  and,  for 
some  time,  tufts  of  tins  kind  of  down  remain  on  the  under  side 
of  the  midril)  of  the  leaves,  which  arc,  however,  at  length  per- 
fectly smooth  and  of  a  dark  green  above,  often  tinged  with 
Ijrownish-yellow  beneath.  The  stnminiferous  llowers  iire  very 
abundant  and  rather  conspicuous,  the  riicemes  the  length  of 
three  or  four  indu's.  the  llowers  with  a  conspicuous  calyx  and 
eight  to  ten  slumens.  The  female  or  fruit-bearing  llowers  are 
usmdly  in  pairs  in  the  axils,  or  juncture  of  the  leaf  with  the; 
stem,  iind  si'ssile,  or  without  stalks,  'i'lu'  cuit  of  the  acoi'ii  is 
hcnns[)heric!d,  and  furnished  with  loose,  brownish  scales:  the 
acorn,  much  longer  tlian  tlu-  cup.  is  ovate  and  pointed. 

We  do  not  recollect  to  have  seen  ibis  tree  pro})erly  associated 
witli  any  other,  except,  occasionally,  the  f'/((/iiiiii.s  run  iikisiik ; 
tlieir  shade  is  also  hostile  to  almost  every  kind  of  undergrowtli. 

Wy  IVrsoon.  this  s|)ecies  is  said  lo  have  been  found  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Nortii  America,  whili'  INirsh  attributes  it  lo 
the  northwest  coast,  about   Nootka  Sound,      it  does  not.  how* 

Vol,,  IV.-2 


18 


SMALL-LEAVED     OAK. 


ever,  extend  even  to  the  territory  of  Oregon,  as  far  as  my  ob- 
servations go.  Nee  sa}s,  " I  have  only  seen  branches  collected 
at  Monterey  and  Nootka."  The  leaves  of  the  young  plants  (if 
I  am  not  mistaken)  are  perfectly  smooth  when  first  developed, 
of  a  thin  consistence,  ^vith  numerous  slender,  shai'p  dentures; 
beneath  tliey  are  of  a  brownish-yellow  color,  and  appear 
smooth  and  shining. 

PLATE  II. 

A  yotinr/  liranch  icilh  harrcn  nrnnUs,     a,  A  liranrh  with  acorns. 


SMALL-LEAYED   OAK. 

QniRt'US  i)i"MOPA.     lianiis  (f)'(ii-il(lti(s  fiihrsiuntihtis ;  fullls  rotmidiitu-uvdli- 
ba.-^  .vilis(  ssililuis  sjiiiiosd-dciit'ttis  (/fafiri'i-^i'i'lis,  suhliis  n'lfnsis  cunrdhirHiits, 

I  OBSKKVKD  this  species  to  form  entangled  tiiickets  over  the 
base  of  the  hills  which  iiiink  the  village  of  Santa  Rarbani,  in 
Upper  California.  Tt  attains  the  height  of  four  to  six  feet,  is 
of  a  very  unsiiihtlv  appearance,  fonuinii'  what  we  should  cidl 
.Scrub  Oak  thickets,  of  considerable  extent,  o\er  a  biirreii  and 
rocky  soil,  which  denies  sustenance  to  almost  every  thing  else: 
the  branches  dividi'  int(»  ninny  irreg(dar,  straggling,  iuid  almost 
naki'd,  slender  twigs,  clothed  with  m  whitish,  smooth  bark. 
The  leaves  ari'  evergreen,  suudl.  iind  wholly  resend)le  thos(>  of 
the  (^)iit  reus  cncfl/fni.  but  iire  somewhat  jtubescent  al)ove  iind 
softly  so  beni'iitli;  tiie  young  twigs  are  also  baii'v.  with  ii  per- 
sisting jadH'scence.  Heing  unable  to  discover  upon  it  at  the 
season  1  visited  thiit  countiy  (in  liie  month  of  April)  either 
llowers  or  I'niit.  I  urn  not  ;il)le  to  gixc  u  figiin-  ol'  it  llint  would 
^Hi  at  all  iuterestnii:'. 


'  as  my  ob- 
es  collected 
?  l^lants  (if 
tleveloped, 
•  dentures ; 
ud    appear 


ucorns. 


(ii<liilii-(ir(il!. 
■oncii/nfilius, 

f*  over  the 
liirbiirn,  in 
:i.\  feet,  is 
lionld  call 
iiri\Mi  and 
liinji'  else  : 
nd  almost 
utli  biii'k. 
'  tliosc  of 
ilH)ve  iind 
itli  !i  jicr- 
il  at  tlic 
■il)  eillicr 
lal  would 


9 


I'MII. 


/      I' 


li!    ■ 


'I 


(!;■    I 


I  11 


i    ',' 


l|:' 


I hiciciis   I  iiiliil<il<'i 


/.'•  i/,  1    Miiiniliiiii  I'lil, 


I'liiiii    olliliili 


(    iinilnli 


!    i 


V 


is'?* 


ROCKY   MOUNTAIN   OAK. 


QuERCUS  UNDULATA.  Fnilicosa  ramosissbna ;  fdliis  'pcrcnnantibas  brevl- 
2W.tiolatis  oblu»(jis  acutis  slnuato-dcntatis  dcntibii.-<  amJls,  f/'i.sl  cuncatis, 
subtus  jndvcnihnto-towcntosis,  supra  nitidis;  frudihus  sidisolitariis  scs- 
sililtns,  cKpida  hcmisphmrica  sqnamis  apprcssis,  f/lKiidc  oixttd  acuta. — 
ToiuiEY,  in  the  Annals  of  the  Lyceum  of  Xew  York,  voL  ii. 
p.  248. 

This  dwarf  Oak,  considerably  allied  to  our  small-leaved 
preceding  species,  was  discovered  by  Dr.  James,  in  Long's  Ex- 
pedition, toward  the  soux'ces  of  the  Canadian,  a  branch  of  the 
Arkansas,  and  likewise  in  the  Kocky  Mountains.  It  is  said 
to  be  a  small,  straggling  shrub,  with  the  under  surface  of  the 
leaves  clothed  with  a  close,  whitisli  tomentum  or  down,  more 
or  less  spread,  though  more  thinly,  also,  on  the  upper  surface, 
with  the  hairs  stellated.  The  leaves  are  snuvll,  and  somewhat 
resemble  those  of  the  Holly,  al)out  an  inch  and  a  half  or  two 
inches  long,  rather  narrowed  at  the  base,  of  a  thick  and  rigid 
consistence,  as  in  all  the  semperviivnt  Oaks,  reticulately  veined 
beneath,  with  the  margin  siuuately  toothed,  but  not,  that  I  can 
porceive,  waved,  as  the  specific  name  implies;  the  teeth  sharp 
and  acute  at  the  points;  above  somewhat  shining  and  minutely 
pubescent.  The  acorns  are  large,  and  strongly  resemble  those 
of  the  Live  Oak ;  they  are,  however,  without  stalks,  and  grow 
alone  or  in  pairs ;  the  cup  is  deep  and  hemispherical,  with  the 
scales  pointed. 

It  is  so  nearly  allied  to  the  Holly  Oak  of  the  South  of 
Europe  {Quifcii,s  Ihx)  that  it  is  necessary  to  distinguish  them. 
In  our  phmt  tlic  ]»!is(>  of  the  leaf  is  wedge-formed;  in  the  Ilex- 
it  is  usually  rounded,  tlu'  border  h'ss  deeply  toothed,  and  not  in 

10 


DOUGLAS    OAK. 

the  least  sinuated.     The  cup  and  acorn  are  wholly  similar,  but 
in  our  plant  a  little  larger  and  loss  poin^^ed. 

PLATE  III. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size,  uith  the  acorn. 


DOUGLAS   OAK. 

QuKRCUS  DouflLASii.  Fulits  mniibratiaccis  ohlongo-oralihus  hasi  acutis 
iwikilalis  .vmidto-imnatifiJls  siecltate  hand  ni(jrcscnil'd)Uf,  supra  <jlabr!n, 
subias  pxhendis,  lohis  brecibiis  acutiu.scnUs,  jniluUs  ramidis>/nc  jurdordius 
dense  falvo-jxibcscadlbus;  fructdnis  S'^ssdibus  soldurus  biinsce,  cupula 
hcmbphccrica  dense  squamosa  squanns  oratis  cvurcxis  in  appcndkcm 
submembranaccam  falcam  appressam  Uncarem  oblusam  productis  pubes- 
cent ibus  ;  ylande  ovata  cupulam  triplo  superarde  obtusa  cum  umbone 
conko. — Hook.  loon.  iued.    Hook,  and  Auxot,  Bot.  Beecliy,  p.  391. 

Tins  curious  species,  of  which  we  have  seen  only  a  dried 
specimen,  was  collected  in  Upper  California,  and  bears  some 
affinity  to  the  Q.  Garri/aua.  Accordinjj;  to  Hooker  and  Arnot, 
the  leaves  and  whole  appearance  of  the  plant  closely  resemble 
Q.  fics-sijlj/ora,  but  with  different  scales  to  the  cup  of  the  acorn. 
The  leaves  appear  to  be  snndler,  narrower,  and  less  deeply 
divided  than  in  Q.  Garri/ana.  The  young;  leaves  are  covered 
with  down  on  both  sides,  and  the  lol)es  tipped  with  short,  soft, 
acute  points. 

To  us,  the  branch  which  we  have  seen  bears  some  resem- 
blance, though  vague,  to  the  Post  Oak,  [Q.  st<Tlat((.)  The  cup 
and  acorn  is  also  somewhat  similar,  but  Inrger,  while  the  leaf  is 
smaller    and   scarcelv  dilated    aljove.       The    under   surface   is 


s  fjome  resem- 
(f<(.)  The  cup 
liilo  the  leaf  is 
ider   surface   is 


/  similar,  but 


1 


I 


lbi(s  basi  aciUis 
s,  supra  f/labris, 
li.s'/uc  jimioribus 
!  binkvc,  cupula 
3  in  appcndkcm 
j)rodactis  pubes- 
isa  cum  umbone 
Beecliy,  p.  391. 

only  a  diied 
id  bears  some 
^er  and  Aniot, 
osely  resemble 
p  of  the  acorn, 
id  less  deeply 
es  are  covered 
^ith  sliort,  soft, 


•-m 


f  ! 


Ill 

i 

(I    H 


t 


()in'iM'us    Moudliisii. 


Ihiiijliiss  I 'til, 


I'/l,  III-  lit     Iti'lli/lllS 


(^uci'cii.s  I)«'i«sin<>rji 

ltitl.\i'  /Jim'rriil   (fill,:  t'li-'hlr  I'l  th'lir.vilfll.W.\: 


^•^"'.ttG 


-  ^,  V  rf?- Jf^il''^^l^fr**?'^l*^«y«»w»t^ 


rrv. 


/Ji'iir.v'/'/ivv 


irr' 


-'"m 


'^ 


i     I 


DENSE-FLOWERED     OAK. 


21 


covered  with  the  same  stellated  pubescence.     Tlie  stigmas  of 
the  fertile  llowers  are  from  three  to  five  in  number. 

PLATE  IV. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size,  2cilh  acorns,     a.  The  male  catkin  and  ijounj 
leaf.     h.  The  slamiiiiferoas  flower  magnified. 


Ca.stanoppi?.  Araents  elongated  and  persistent,  perianth  lanuginous, 
divided  to  tiie  l)ase;  sealos  of  the  spreading  cup  loose  and  squar- 
rose;  stamens  exsertcd;  nut  somewhat  angular  and  downy;  stig- 
mas several,  flliforni,  and  deciduous. 

Trees  of  Oregon,  California,  and  tlie  Tlimalaya  Mountains  in  Indin, 
with  the  aspect  of  tlie  Cliestnut.  Leaves  entire,  itennately  nerved, 
sempervirent.  Anicnts  elongated,  erect,  the  ilowers  conglomerated. 
Fertile  llowers  ....'(  To  this  section,  or  rather  genus,  belong 
also,  as  far  as  the  male  specimens  are  (iouccrned,  the  Qucrcns  f/lonierala 
and  Qiirrois  sjiici/n  of  Dr   Wallich. 


DENSE-FLOWERED  OAK 

Qui'.urrs  m;NsiiT,oi!,\.  FutHs  jwrouiaiitiluis  coriaciis  prtiolatis  ohli,ii<iii 
laiiciiilalis  liasi  aliliisls  hrcrilcr  aciiiiilini/i.-:  piirallele  mrrasis  iiite</irrliiii.i 
vumjiih  rernhi/is  jiihldrilnis  fiilni-farfiinico-lmitcntosis  siililti<i  palllillDri- 
bus  deinuin  (jlabris,  ainentis  niKscalls  duia/alis  folia  siiperantibas  daisi- 
jloris  ralde  loiiini/o.-<is  nunc  ad  basin  jlnres  pmicus  finineos  t/erentibas, 
frifcfibas  sessilibas,  cnjiala  bnri  heinispkvrica  dense  sqaaniusa,  xijiitnni- 

bus  ibuiijato-linearibus  laxis  sericeii*,  plandc  orato-r/bibosa  srrieea. llooK. 

Icon.  I'l.  ined.     IIouk.  and  Aumit,  Uot.  Hcechy,  p.  oHl. 

Tims  ivmarkalile  tree,  scarcely  n  iruv  Oak,  but  congeneric  with 
species  in   (bo    Himalaya   Mountains,  in    India,  is  u  nativo  of 


^■r- 


u 


22 


OBSERVATIONS     ON    THE     OAKS. 


Upper  Calilbrniii.  It  has  so  much  the  appoarance  of  a  Chest- 
nut, that  the  cup  of  tlie  fruit  al(me  attests  what  it  really  is. 
The  leaves  are  evergreen,  and  of  the  same  lanceolate  outline 
■with  the  Common  Chestnut,  having  similar  pennate  nerves,  hut 
entire,  or  nearly  !?o,  on  the  margin;  at  first  they  are  softly 
clothed  beneath  with  dense,  stellate,  brownish  hairs,  but  at 
length  become  .smooth:  they  are  about  four  indues  long  and  one 
to  one  and  a  quarter  wide.  The  catkins  are  erect,  about  four 
inches  long,  presenting  the  ai)[)earance  of  cyllndric,  Avoolly 
spikes,  beset  with  numerous  exscrted  stiunens  with  long,  slender 
fdaments,  as  in  the  Chestnut.  The  cup  is  shallow  and  patulous, 
within  and  without  softly  sericeous,  the  scales  numerous  aud 
acuminate,  very  loose,  somewhiit  s^jreading,  and  two  and  a  half 
to  three  lines  long.  The  acorn  is  large,  evidently  angular,  aud 
more  convex  on  one  side,  covered  with  whitish  down,  and 
terminated  with  several  fdiform,  lamiginous,  and  deciduous 
stiguuis. 

The  Casf(im'<i  (•Jir//-ioj)Jit/f/(i  of  Douglas,  if  not  the  same  plant, 
appears  to  be  another  species  of  this  section  or  genua. 

PLATE  V. 

A  hnniili  of  till',  viitiiral  ■•<i:i\     a.  The  i(rorn. 


OBSKUVATIOXS    OX   THE    OAKS. 

QuERCUS  .>fAKlTlM.V,  [ihv  Morlfliii'  Otil'.)  The  fruit  of  this 
Hpecies,  and  soujetimes  the  leaves,  apjjroach  to  the  Willow 
Oak;  but  this  is  a  low,  shrul)by  phi.il  of  the  Southern  .States, 
with  sempervireut  Ii'aves,  which  are  very  ofteu  (It'ej)ly  aud 
distiuctly  siuuatcd.  rigid,  with  the  lobes  nl'tcu  nhtusc  aud 
unicronate. 


}!l 


"^'"'.'Jiin.t., 


AKS. 

mce  of  a  Cliest- 
Imt  it  really  is. 
icoolate  outline 
late  nerves,  but 
tliey  are  softly 
1  hairs,  but  at 
(is  long  and  one 
rect,  about  four 
/lindrie,  -woolly 
itli  long,  slender 
vv  and  patulous, 
numerous  and 
two  and  a  half 
tly  angular,  and 
tisli  down,  and 
and   deciduous 

the  same  plant, 
en  us. 


OnSKllVATlONS     ON     THE     OAKS. 


2-] 


QuEiurs  MVifTii'f)i,iA,  {Mni-nc-leaved  Ooh.)  Of  this  elegant 
and  curious  spceics,  we  hav(>  yet  wo  materials  deserving  of  a 
figure. 

Qri:nci;s  stki.lata.  Q.  oinirsiLoiiA,  Minr.  {B>d  Onl:)  Tlic 
variety  which  1  menlioucd  in  the  Cenera  of  North  American 
plants,  vol.  ii.  p.  'Ji-'i,  under  llie  name  of  /:?.  (hprrssa,  rarely 
exceeds  three  feet  in  height,  and  bears  acorns  at  the  height  of 
twelve  to  eighteen  inches  from  the  ground.  1  first  ol)served  it 
on  the  hills  of  the  Missomi,  up  to  its  eonlluence  with  the  river 
Platte,  and  it  is  also  idniust  tiie  last  si)ecies  which  we  find  to 
the  westward.  1  liave  since  met  with  apparently  the  same  low 
variety  on  the  gravelly  poor  hills  of  the  island  of  Martha's 
Vineyard,  near  Massachusetts  IJay :  it  is  this  scrublty  growth  of 
Oalv  which  still  all()rds  shelter  to  the  grouse  on  that  island.  In 
some  |)ai'ts  of  Massachusetts,  (according  to  Emerson.)  the  usual 
large  growth  of  this  tree  is  occasionally  met  with.  The  species 
of  (^lerciis  which  I  call  fj.  Mi<liiiii.rii  is,  I  now  believe,  nothing 
more  than  a  nu-re  vai'iety  of  ^/  primis. 


n>. 


Kks. 

fruit  i>f  this 

to    the  Willow 

ljuthern  States, 

u    deej)ly   and 

u    obtuse     and 


SwAMl'  Wmiti;  Oak,  {(Jm  n^ns  liiralor.)  Oi  this  speci(>s  1  (irst 
observed  a  <'Ui'ioiis  variety,  which  I  called  /:/.  iiiiiUls  or  SnJ'l- 
hnriil  Sinaiip  ()iih\  in  the  swampy  elevate(l  forests  of  the 
Hudson,  near  New  York;  it  occurs  likewise  near  Philadelithia 
and  Uoston.  The  leaves,  1  liiid.  are  of  the  same  lorin  as  ii  ,>. 
/)lr,,/i,r,  but  the  under  side  is  not  white.  Itiit  partly  ferruginous  (»r 
green,  and  softly  pubescent.  The  quantity  of  this  clothing,  how- 
ever, varies,  and  in  large  leaves  it  becomes  very  thin.  It  Ibi'iiis 
a  somewhat-pyramidal  tree,  si.Nty  or  seventy  feet  high,  branched 
n<'arly  iVom  the  base,  the  branches  deih'cted  and  intricately 
ramilied.  The  leaves  are  narrowed  at  the  base,  and  abruptly 
dilated  toward  the  siimiiiit;  the  dentures  are  few  and  sonu'tiines 
almost  wanting;  the  breadth  is  about  two-thirds  of  the  length; 
the  fniit-sialk  or  peduncle  fil'form,  two  or  three  inches  long. 


r^' 


•24 


OBSERVATIONS     ON     THE     OAKS. 


bciiring  about  one  to  tliroo  acovns  on  each.     It  may  perhaps  bo 
QacivuK  Jilifonnls  of  Muhlenberg's  Catalogue,  page  87. 

Mossy-Clp  Oak,  {QxeyKf^  oJiccrformis.)  This  rare  Oak, 
(which  Michaux  found  only  above  Albany  and  in  Genesee,)  or 
at  least  a  variety  of  it  with  less  attenuated  cups,  is  met  with  in 
Orange  county,  New  York,  where  it  was  observed  by  Dr. 
irort(m;  and  it  also  grows  near  A^ernon,  in  Sussex  county,  New 
Jersey.  It  has  nnudi  the  aspect  of  the  Water  White  Oak,  [Q. 
Olstvhr,)  but  the  leaves  are  sinuated. 

White  Oak,  (Qiirrriifi  aJIxi.)  According  to  Emerson,  the 
nxjts  of  the  White  Oak  make  very  beautiful  furniture.  In 
Kngland,  five  pounds  sterling  have  l)een  given  for  the  roots  of  a 
White  Oak.  The  pieces  have  been  taken  out.  and,  when  sawed 
and  planed,  |)resent  a  wood  of  extraordinary  beauty.  A  cabinet 
and  table  made  from  the  forked  branches  of  this  Oak,  now  in 
the  possession  of  Mr.  C.  J.  Wister,  in  Germautown,  Pa.,  may 
well  vie  witli  the  finest  woods  known:  it  is  of  a  clear,  pale 
yellow,  inclining  to  olive,  and  feathered  in  the  most  beautiful 
numner;  the  polish  is  also  equal  to  Ihat  of  the  finest  mahogany. 

IJahtham's  Oak.  {Qiicrrns  liti< ,,,i<lnilla,  Mien.  vol.  i.  \)\.  IG.) 
Tbis  curious  tree,  which,  in  IS.'IT.  had  attained  the  height  of 
fifty  I'eet  and  a  circumference  of  three  feit  nine  inches,  was 
inadvert"nlly  cut  down,  and  with  it  the  species,  if  sui-h  it  was, 
appeared  to  bi'  annihilated;  but  Thomas  ({.  Lea,  Escp,  of  (.'in- 
cinnati,  informs  me  "that  several  years  ago  he  discoveied  an 
Oak  between  two  and  three  miles  north  of  that  city,  the  leaves 
and  fruit  of  which  accord  with  Michaux's  figure.  The  leaves 
ari'  sonu'limes  larger  than  those  representi'd,  but  with  the  same 
outline,  irregularly  and  coarsely  toothed,  or  suI)-lobed.  and  on 
}ongish  petioles:  the  nuvrgin  is  very  rarely  entinv  The  tree  is 
about  twenty-five  feet  high,  and  in  a  vig(n-ous  state  of  growth. 


0  A  K  S. 

It  may  perhaps  be 
page  87. 

This  rare  Oak, 
ad  in  Gonosco,)  or 
ips,  is  mot  Avith  in 
observed  by  Dr. 
issex  county,  New 
.T  White  Oak,  {Q. 


to  Emerson,  the 
ul  fiirnitm-e.      In 

for  tlie  roots  of  a 
.  and,  when  sawed 
eauty.     A  cabinet 

this  Oak,  now  in 
mtown,  Pa.,  may 
s  of  a  dear,  pale 
he  most  beautiful 
•  finest  mahogany. 


II.  vol.  i.  pi.  IG.) 

i 

led  the  height  of 

-  ■i.\ 

nine  inches,  AViis 

:4 

t's,  if  such  it  was, 

Lea,  Es(|.,  of  Cin- 

he  discoveied  an 

it  city,  the  leaves 

lu-e.     The  leaves 

tut  with  the  same 

Hub-lobed.  iuid  on 

ii'(>.     The;  tree  is 

,r* 

state  of  growth. 

r 


"  i  J 


<,)m'iTiis  I  ■faim 
l.iii.i  Oak  (hi' 114  ill  I. Ill 


i.v.a, 


m 


i      J 


I ; 


« 


cnri 


i|; 


!    I 


L  E  A'  H    0  A  K. 


25 


Some  scattoi'ing  Oaks  of  otluT  spccioH  arc  in  its  iniinodiato 
iK'igliborliood.  I  tliink  it  is  not  a  variety  of  (,K  iiiihrlraria, 
many  trees  of  wliich  I  have  examined,  Ijnt  ne\(  v  found  tliem 
with  leaves  the  h-ast  indented.  The  (J.  /V/'7/'a,  "  to  whieh  it 
might  be  allied,  "does  not  grow  in  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati, 
nor,  that  I  know  of,  in  any  i)art  of  Ohio:  this  tix'e,  therefore, 
cannot  be  a  varii'ty  of  tiiat  six'cies."  Its  nearest  aOinity 
appears  to  me  to  be  to  thi;  Qiitrcnti  (iiiihi(jiin  of  Miehaux,  Jr., 
from  which  It  is  principally  dislinguished  by  the  luirrower  and 
more  simple  divisions  of  its  leaves. 


m 


LEA'S   OAK. 


QlIERCUS    LeANA.        Fiililn     Vlilll/irdll'tci'is,     IdliijissiiDC    jxlioluU'.s',    ohlolKJO- 

oralibiis,  basi  rotnndntin,  sn/irordn/is,  shufii/ii-jilinKi/i/li/is,  <h  iinim.  ()l(ilirh, 
hbis  lads  intcgris  setacco-ni'iiniJiialis ;  J'nn-/:hi/s  brcri-pnllnlhiUs ;  s-ol/'furlis 
b(iim-fi,  cupula  hcnmplatrlra,  si/uuuu.s  urall.s  (ibhtsis,  ijhindc  ,'<ub(j(,,f)usa 
vittata  subscmi-immcnftu,  rinn  uuiboiic  brci:i  cimtco. 

Of  this  remarkahlj-andjiguons  Oak  I  have  already  spoken,  in 
a  note  on  Q.  hdcrophilht,  Iniving  at  that  time,  in  concert  with 
Mr.  Thomas  G.  Lea,  its  discoverer,  considered  it  as  a  variet\-  of 
that  rare  species,  or  some  analogous  hybrid.  Other  specimens, 
accompanied  Avith  the  ripe  glands,  have  now  convinced  me  that 
it  is  either  a  distinct  species  or  another  strange  hyljrid;  but,  as  I 
am  by  no  moans  satisfied  of  tlie  existence  of  such  spontaneous 
mixed  races  among  our  Oaks,  I  have  taken  the  liberty  of  giving 
it  as  a  species,  and  dedicating  it  to  its  discoverer,  an  ardent  and 
successful  botanist.  1  shall  also  take  the  liberty  of  adding  a 
quotation  from  Mr.  Lea's  notes,  mado  on  this  plant  and  senUo 
me  with  the  specimens. 


IV.— ;i^ 


26 


L  E  A' S     OAK. 


I 


"TIk!  fruit  roHoniblos  Micliaux's  figure  of  Q.  hterophijlla,  Imt 
(lifTcrs  in  lu'ing  more  depressed  and  obtuse  at  tlie  sunniiit.  The 
<'ui)s,  I  think,  are  alike.  The  leaves  arc  on  longer  petioles,  but 
accord  in  being  inclined  to  ])e  cordate  at  base.  If  it  is  a  liylmd, 
it  may  ha\'e  come  from  the  Q.  imhricaria,  or  Q.  thictorla,  or  Q. 
vocc'niid.  The  I'ruit  is  too  widely  different  from  Q.  rnhra.  The 
jyj/intchs  are  al)out  the  same  length  as  in  my  specimens  of  Q. 
imhrirariti ;  in  ^Micliau.x's  figure  of  that  species,  the  fruit  is 
represented  as  sessile,  which  I  think  is  wrong.  The  petioles  are 
much  longer  than  in  Q.  imhricaria,  the  leaves  larger  and  more 
obtuse  at  base.  These  modifications  (if  it  is  a  hybrid)  ma}-  be 
derived  I'rom  tiie  long  petioles  and  larger  leaves  of  the  Bkulc 
and  iS'earht  Oaks.  I  think  it  does  not  partake  of  Quereiis 
phellos,  (Willow  Oak,)  ii  species  that  does  not  grow,  to  my 
knowledge,  within  several  hundred  miles  of  this  place,  (Cin- 
cinnati.) 

"1  saw  two  individuals  of  Q.  phcJhs  in  the  Bartram  garden, 
which  (Jolonel  Carr  assured  me  were  propagated  from  the  seed 
of  the  original  Bartrain  Oak.  Certainly  our  plant  is  very  like 
Michau.\'s  figure;  but,  as  that  appears  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Q. 
^tlielloK,  I  think  they  must  be  considered  distinct.  If  ours  be  a 
hybrid,  it  most  likely  comes  from  Q.  imhricaria  and  Q.  iinctoria, 
or  (y)ci:im!a. 

"I  have  found  but  a  single  stock  of  this,  (about  five  years 
ago.)     It  grows  three  miles  north  of  Cincinnati." 

I  (ionfess  I  see  too  little  resemblance  in  our  i)lant  ^vith  Q 
imhricaria  to  agree  with  my  friend,  Mr.  T.  G.  Lea,  as  to  any  hy- 
brid connection  with  that  remotely-allied  species.  Betwixt  the 
Ciray  Oak  {Q.  amhiipia,  Mich.)  and  Q.  tinvtoria  I  perceive  a 
nearer  resemblance.  The  fruit  appears  to  be  wholly  that  of 
the  Gray  Oak.  The  gland  in  both  is  striated,  and  with  a  small 
ecmic  projection.  In  our  plant,  however,  the  base  of  the  gland 
and  that  of  the  cup  are  yellow,  indicating  its  alliance  to  Q. 
iinctoria.     The  leaf  differs  wholly  lioin  both  in  its  simple  uii- 


L  E  A' S     0  A  K. 


27 


deroplttjlla,  but 
summit.  Tlio 
or  petioles,  but 
■  it  i.s  a  liy1)ricl, 
tinctoiia,  ov  Q. 
Q.  rtihra.  The 
;pecimens  of  Q. 
s,  the  fruit  is 
rhe  petioles  are 
vrger  and  more 
lybrid)  m.ay  be 
s  of  the  Black 
ike  of  Qm'renii 
i  grow,  to  my 
[lis  phvce,  (Cin- 

$artram  garden, 
1  from  tlie  seed 
int  is  very  like 
a  hybrid  of  Q. 
If  ours  be  a 
md  Q.  tiiictona, 

bout  five  years 


divided  lobes,  though  the  long  petiole  and  rounded  base  is  that 
of  tlndoria.  Scarce  as  this  species  yet  appears  to  be,  under  the 
present  circumstances,  I  am  inclined  to  believe  it  of  a  distinct 
race,  Avith  features  as  distinct  as  any  species  in  the  genus;  for 
the  Gray  Oak,  being,  I  believe,  unknown  in  Ohio,  is  again  out 
of  the  question.  I  suspect  it  is  in  all  physical  respects  allied  to 
tindoria,  and  would  equally  aflbrd  a  yellow  dj'eing-material. 

The  full-grown  leaves  are  from  five  to  five  and  a  half  inches 
long  by  three  to  throe  and  a  half  wide,  smooth  and  shining 
above,  with  a  small  quantity  of  deciduous  stellate  pubescence 
beneath.  The  lobes  are  about  a  single  pair  on  a  side:  the 
central  lobe  only  sometimes  again  subdivided  into  three  lesser 
lobes,  all  of  them  ending  in  bristles.  The  base  is  rounded,  and 
often  hollowed  out,  or  somwhat  sinuated.  The  buds  are  small 
and  browai.  The  fertile  flower  often  by  threes,  on  a  short, 
thick,  common  pedicle,  the  middle  flower  abortive.  Male 
flowers  ....  not  seen.  Cups  rather  deep,  as  in  Q.  tindoria, 
with  the  scales  ovate,  obtu.vo,  and  closely  imbricated.  The 
acorn  roundish,  somewhat  ovate,  broadl}'  striate,  with  a  short 
roundish  conic  point  or  umbo  about  half-way,  or  nearly  so, 
innnersed  in  the  cup. 

PLATE   V.  {bis.) 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size  with  fruit,    a.  The  cup.    b.  The  yland. 


plant  with  Q 
II,  as  to  any  hy- 
Betwixt  the 
ia  I  perceive  a 
wholly  that  of 
nd  with  a  small 
so  of  the  gland 
i  alliance  to  Q. 
1  its  simple  un- 


The  Willow  Oak  appears  to  be  very  nearly  allied  to  the 
Cluster-leaved  Oak  of  New  Spain,  ( Quercm  con ferti flora,)  figured 
and  described  by  Humboldt  and  Bonpland ;  but  in  that,  though 
otherwise  so  very  similar,  the  leaves  are  hairy  beneath,  while 
ours  are  perfectly  smooth. 

The  Willow  Oak  is  found  as  far  west  ;is  the  banks  of  the 
Arkansas  and  several  of  its  branches. 


28 


OBSERVATIONS     ON    THE     OAKS. 


I   I 


LiVK  Oak,  [Qvercus  virens.)  Trees  neai'  Miignolia,  in  West 
Florida,  occur  of  eight  to  nine  feet  dianieter:  it  consequently 
affords  hu'gc  timber.  Great  quantities  of  this  wood  are  now 
brought  from  the  coast  of  West  Florida.  According  to  Win. 
JJartrani,  the  Live  Oaks  on  the  St.  John's  in  East  Florida  are 
from  twelve  to  eighteen  feet  in  circumference;  the  trunk  there 
rises  only  from  twelve  to  twenty  feet,  when  it  throws  out  three 
to  five  large  limbs,  which  continue  to  grow  in  nearly  a  horizontal 
direction,  each  limb  forming  a  gentle  curve  from  its  base  to  its 
extremity,  {Rirtrams  lh(vcJs,  p.  So;)  and  he  adds,  "I  have 
stepped  above  fifty  paces  on  a  line  from  the  trunk  of  one  of 
these  trees  to  the  extremity  of  the  jjranches."  The  w^ood  is 
almost  incorruptible,  even  in  the  open  air.  The  acorn  is  small, 
agreeable  to  the  taste  when  roasted,  and  in  this  state  they  are 
eaten  by  the  aborigines  as  we  do  chestnuts. 

Stately  avenues  are  formed  of  the  Live  Oak  in  South  Carolina 
and  Georgia,  which,  robed  in  Long  Moss,  put  on  an  air  of 
sombre  arandeur  and  wildness. 

Li  addition  to  the  geographical  limits  of  the  Oaks,  I  may  add 
that,  according  to  the  observations  of  Emerson,  the  Bock  Chefif- 
nid  0(ik  [Qxcrcns  monUtna,  AYilld.)  occurs  in  many  parts  of 
Massachusetts;  he  has  also  found  the  Yelloio  Oak  {Q.  castaneo, 
WiLLD.)  about  Agamenticus  Mountain  in  York,  Maine.  ''It  is 
also  found  at  Saco,  in  Maine,  twenty-live  miles  farther  north." 
The  Bkicl:  Oak  [Q.  tlnctorlo)  "is  found  in  York  county,  Maine. 
Q.  ixihf-sfris  (Pin  Oak)  is  veri/  rare  in  Massachusetts."  Mr. 
Emerson  also  con-oborates  my  own  obser\'ations  concerning  the 
prevalen(!e  of  the  Ponf  Oah  on  the  island  of  Martha's  Vineyard, 
and  adds  that  '-it  hardly  exceeds  twenty  inches  in  diameter 
and  thirty  feet  in  height,"  which  is  a  circumstance  I  had  over- 
looked, its  prevailing  character  there  being  that  of  a  shrub. 


The  Oaks,  though  a  very  extensive  genus,  are  confined  to  the 
Northern   hemisphere.      Besides   the  numerous  species  which 


"■'^^ 


AKS. 

iiioliii,  in  West 
t  coiisequeiilly 
wood  arc  now 
>rtling  to  Win. 
ist  Florida  arc 
ho  trunk  tliero 
irows  out  tlireo 
rly  a  liori/ontal 
1  its  base  to  its 
adds,  "I  have 
runk  of  one  of 
The  wood  is 
acorn  is  small, 
i  state  they  are 

South  Carolina 
t  on  an  air  of 

Daks,  I  may  add 
the  Rock  CJie-sf- 
many  parts  of 
'«/.;  {Q.  casfaiiea, 
,  Maine.  ''It  is 
»  farther  north." 
:  county,  Maine, 
chusetts."  Mr. 
s  concerning  the 
Lrtha's  Vineyard, 
lies  in  diameter 
ancc  I  had  over- 
;  of  a  shrub. 

e  confined  to  the 
IS  species  which 


OBSERVATIONS     ON    THE     OAKS. 


29 


pervade  the  United  States,  sixteen  were  discovered  l^y  Nee  in 
Mexico  and  New  Spain,  one  of  which,  the  Q.  ayri/oUa,  is  found 
in  Upper  California;  twenty-one  species  were  added  to  the 
Flora  of  North  America  l)y  Humboldt  and  Bonpland,  found 
also  in  New  Spain ;  ibur  species  wore  discovered  in  Japan  by 
Thunberg;  two  in  China  by  Bunge;  on(?  in  Cochin  China,  and 
one  in  the  island  of  Formosa;  two  very  remarkable  species, 
with  lanceolate  entire  leaves  and  very  long  spikes  of  ik)wers, 
like  those  of  a  Chestnut,  were  met  with  in  Nepaul  by  Wallich ; 
six  other  species  likewise  exist  in  that  portion  of  India;  Europe, 
chiefly  the  southern  part.  Northern  Africa,  and  Armenia,  aflijrd 
about  twenty-eight  species  and  several  varieties ;  Java,  Sumatra, 
and  the  Molucca  Tsland.s,  also  produce  nineteen  species.  Thus 
it  appears,  of  the  whole  number,  according  to  the  enumeration 
of  Willdenow  and  more  recent  discoveries,  the  Old  World 
contains  sixty-three  species,  and  North  America,  including  New 
Spain,  about  seventy-four.  Of  these  the  United  States  possess 
about  thirty-seven,  and  New  Spain  the  same  numljer.  To  these 
I  may  also  add  an  additional  species  from  the  island  of  Cuba, 
nearly  allied  to  our  Southern  Gray  Oak,  {Q.  cincrca:)  this  I  pro- 
pose to  call,  after  its  discoverer,  M.  La  Sagra, 

QuERCUS  Sagk.EAXA.  Fulils  peremiantibus  ohlon<jo-cirq>tms 
oljovatixque  Inteyris  s.  suhhhail^  hrevl  2>(^fioIa(i,s  ohtmis  nUklis 
maryine  rcvoJutlH  suhtas  tomentosis  nervosis  snhalhldis,  frndi/ms 
hum  pallcdlis  iiicrassatis,  ciijmla  hemlsphwrica,  aquamis  appresnis, 
■mice  orata. 

This  species  apparently  forms  a  tree.  The  leaves  are  broader 
than  those  of  the  Gray  Oak,  of  a  thick  and  rigid  texture,  and 
are  strongly  veined  both  above  and  beneath ;  they  are  about 
two  and  one-third  inches  long  and  about  one  inch  wide. 

Additional  Ohftermiions.  In  density  and  hardness  the  Live 
Oak  nnich  exceeds  every  other  species  of  the  genus  hitherto 
examined.     At  first  glance,  and  aided  by  its  great  weight,  it 


80 


ADDITIONAL     OBSERVATIONS. 


a2)poars  almost  liko  Lignuin-Vitio.  The  sap-wood  is  of  a  pale 
brownish-}  t'llow,  the  p  jrlect  wood  of  a  pale  chostiiut-brown,  and 
the  extremely  fine  sawdust  almost  as  bright  a  brown  as  that 
from  mahogany.  Crowing  in  a  climate  sulyect  to  small  changes 
of  temperature,  and  being  evergreen,  the  woody  circles  of  iinnual 
iucrei"(>nt  are  very  faint  and  obscurely  marked,  which  adds  to 
the  connnon  density  of  the  fibres.  These  rings,  on  joung  trees, 
vary  from  one  to  two  lines  in  width,  but  in  the  older  wood  they 
are  much  narrower.  One  of  the  most  striking  features  of  this 
wood,  however,  is  the  distinctness  of  the  medullary  rays,  which 
traverse  in  strong  and  pale  lines  the  faint  waves  of  the  animal 
increments.  For  the  first  forty  or  fifty  years,  the  Live  Oiik 
appears  to  increase  in  the  bulk  of  its  trunk  as  fast  as  our  White 
Oak ;  but  after  that  period  the  growth  is  much  more  slow ;  still, 
the  density  of  its  wood  is  so  great,  that,  through  a  strong  mag- 
nifier, the  pores  and  vessels  are  barely  visible.  In  the  United 
States  Navy  Yard,  in  this  place,  I  have  measured  a  squared  log 
of  Live  Oak,  thirty-two  feet  long,  which  probaljly  Ibrmed  the 
trunk  of  a  tree  not  less  than  fifty  to  sixty  feet  in  height.  The 
present  value  of  inoulded  Live  Oak  varies  from  $1.'J0  to  $1.30 
and  8L-1-J  per  cubic  foot.  Promiscuous  unpre[)ared  logs  sell 
from  ^\.20  to  OS  cents  and  $1  the  ctibic  foot.  Some  very  choice 
timber  sells  as  high  as  $1.6-).  Tiiis  valualjh^  timber  has  been 
employeel  in  the  United  States  navy  between  fifty  and  sixty 
years. 

Little  is  yet  known  respecting  the  southern  limits  of  this 
species  of  Oak,  though  there  ciiu  be  little  doubt  that  it  con- 
tinues along  the  borders  of  the  Mi-xican  CJulf  to  Yucatan.  Dr. 
Burroughs  informs  me  that  it  is  said  to  be  found  growing  on 
the  banks  of  the  Alvarado  IJiver,  about  seventy-five  miles  south 
of  Vera  Cruz.  I  am  also  informed  of  the  existence  of  the  Live 
Oak  near  Matagorda  in  Texas. 

It  is  stat(Ml  ill  a  late  Texian  pnper  that  an  English  company 
have   recently  landed   on   the    Ihazos.  in   the   neiuhborhood  of 


1(1  is  of  ii  paUi 
lut-bi'own,  iuid 
brown  as  that 
small  changes 
I'ck's  of  annual 
which  adds  to 
in  yovnig  trees, 
[der  wood  they 
eatures  of  this 
xy  rays,  which 
1  of  the  annual 
the  Live  Oak 
t  as  our  White 
ore  slow;  still, 
1  a  strong  mag- 
In  the  United 
d  a  squared  log 
)ly  formed  the 
1  height.     The 
8L'2()  to  $1.30 
)ared  logs   sell 
me  very  choice 
mlier  has  lieen 
ifty  and  sixty 

limits  of  this 

)t   that  it  con- 

Y\icatan.     Ur. 

ind  growing  on 

ive  miles  south 

lice  of  liie  Live 

iglish  company 
'iuhhorhood  of 


ADDITIONAL    0  B  S  E  R  V  A  1M  0  X  8. 


ni 


Brazoria,  for  the  purjioso  of  getting  out  Live  Oak.  They  are 
said  to  have  contracted  with  the  English  Government  to  deliver 
two  millions  of  cubic  feet.  The  country  about  lira/.tiria  is 
loaded  with  encn-mons  trees,  some  of  them  casting  a  shade  of 
one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  diameter.  The  Live  Oak  extends 
into  Texas  at  least  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  according  to  the 
observations  of  Dr.  Casper  Wister,  Jr.,  of  (lermanrown.  Pa. 

John  Lenthall,  l''sq..  United  States  Naval*  Constructor,  has 
favored  me  with  the  following  remarks  concerning  the  timber 
used  in  the  United  States  navy. 

The  frames  and  principal  pieces  are  all  of  Live  Oak;  and  the 
frames  of  s(;veral  of  our  ships  that  were  cut  from  tlie  islands  of 
Georgia  and  on  the  coast,  thirty  years  since,  are  still  in  an 
excellent  condition,  though  in  some  ships,  in  which  the  timln'r 
was  cnt  inland,  the  result  is  not  so  favorable.  The  weight  of  a 
enbic  foot  varies  from  seventy-three  to  .seventy-eight  i)ounds. 
This  timber  is  peculiarly  adajited  to  ship-building,  and  is 
scarcely  fit  for  any  thing  else,  being  slnu't  and  crooked,  so  that 
the  tindu'rs  are  rarely  grain-cut. 

The  White  Oak,  used  almost  exclusively  for  plank,  is  cut  from 
the  seal)oard  of  the  Middle  States,  and  is  ecpial  to  the  best 
English  or  foreign  timber.  The  lietl  Oak  is  never  used.  The 
Oak  from  Canada  is  that  which  has  gi'iierally  been  introduced 
into  England,  and  from  it  a  very  erroneous  (qiinion  has  Ix'en 
f;>riiK'd  with  regard  to  the  Oak  tindier  of  the  United  States,  for 
tbe  Northern  timber  is  much  inferior  to  that  from  the  Southern 
States,  and  is  never  used.  A  cubic  foot  of  unseasoiud  White 
Oak  weighs  from  fifty-eight  to  sixty  pounds,  am^  when  si-asoned, 
forty-seven  to  Ibrty-nine  [loirnds.  White  Oak  timber  is  often 
brought  from  the  Lakes  and  used  for  keels  ami  bottom-planks; 
bnt  for  up|)er  works  that  from  the  Dcliiware  and  Chesapeake 
Hay  is  preferred,  lu'ing  much  stronger  and  more  durable.  This 
Tiake  tind)er  is  principally  to  be  found  at  New  York. 

From  the  Delawiin'  liiver  and  t'lh   apenke  Hay  large  (juan- 


ADDITIONAL     OBSERVATIONS. 

titios  of  White  Oak  are  likewise  shipped  for  the  Eastern  States, 
of  which  the  better  class  of  ships  are  built.  A  great  deal  of 
Pine  timber  is  also  shipped  from  thence  for  the  same  purpose. 

The  Quercitron  is  the  bark  of  the  Qncrcm  tinctoria,  freed  from 
the  epidermis.  Besides  tannin,  it  contains  a  yellow  coloring- 
matter,  which  may  be  extracted  by  water,  and  which,  on  evapo- 
ration, yields  a  peculiar  extract  to  the  amount  of  eight  per  cent, 
of  the  bark  employed.  The  tannin  ])elongs  to  that  variety 
which  precipitates  ii'on  of  a  green  color.  This  tannin  is  very 
injurious  to  the  color,  because  it  is  precipitated  by  the  same 
reagents  with  the  color,  and  iniparts  to  it  a  brownish  tint.  To 
obtain  the  coloring-matter  free  from  it,  a  bladder  softened  in 
water,  and  cut  into  small  piece.-^,  freed  from  all  the  parts  which 
are  soluble  in  water,  is  applied  to  the  infusion  of  the  Quercitron 
bark,  which  takes  up  the  tannin;  or  it  may  be  precipitated  by  a 
solution  of  isinglass. 

According  to  Chevreul,  the  coloring-matter  which  he  calls 
(juercitrin,  although  not  a  simple  substance,  is  obtained  by  cau- 
tiously concentrating  an  infusion  of  Quercitron.  A  crystalline 
substance  then  precipitates,  which,  while  yet  in  suspension  in 
the  lifpiid,  imparts  to  it  a  pearly  appearance.  It  exhibits  a 
slight  acid  reaction  by  curcuma-pnper.  It  is  slightly  solu])le  in 
ether,  but  more  completely  so  in  alcohol.  Water  dissolves  it; 
a)ul  the  solution  becomes  orange-yellow  by  the  addition  of  alkali. 
The  acetate  of  lead  and  of  c()p|)er,  as  well  as  the  protochloridc 
of  tin.  precipitate  it  in  yellow  llaki's.  Sulphate  of  the  peroxide 
of  iron  colors  it  at  fii'st  olive-green,  and  then  causes  a  precipitate. 
Sulphuric  acid  dissolves  (piercitrin,  and  the  greenish-orange 
colored  solution  becomes  cloudy  by  the  addition  of  water.  I5y 
dry  distillation  it  yields,  among  other  products,  a  li(piid  whicii 
soon  (My-tallizes,  the  crystals  possessing  all  the  proi)erties  of 
(juercitrin. 

In  the  dyeing-establishments  the  clear  yellow  color  is  obtained 


ONS. 

i  Eastern  States, 
A  great  deal  of 
same  purpose. 

doria,  freed  from 
yellow  coloring- 
whicli,  on  evapo- 
of  ciglit  per  cent. 
,  to  that  variety 
is  tannin  is  very 
ted  by  the  same 
•ownish  tint.     To 
idder  softened  in 
11  the  parts  which 
of  the  Quercitron 
precipitated  by  a 

r  which  he  calls 

ubtainod  by  can- 
)n.     A  crystalline 

in  suspension  in 
e.  It  exhibits  a 
slightly  s()lul)le  in 
Vater  dissolves  it; 

addition  of  alkali. 
I  the  protochloride 
ite  of  the  peroxide 
auses  aprecii)itate. 
le  greenish-orange 
Ion  of  water.  By 
•ts,  a  licpud  wiiich 

the  properties  of 

)\v  color  is  obtained 


ADDITIONAL    O  B  S  E  R  ^'  A  T  I  0  X  S. 


83 


by  precipitating  tlie  tannin  by  means  of  a  solution  of  glue  or 
buttermilk;  the  coloring-mutter  then  remaining  in  the  solution 
is  mixed  with  the  solution  of  alum  and  carbonate  of  potash,  by 
which  it  is  pr('ci|)itMted  of  a  yellow  color  in  combination  with 
the  aluniina.  Protochloride  of  tin  also  produces  with  it  a  strong 
yellow  preci[)ilate. 

QuKKCus  UUHH.V?  The  liirgcst  Red  Oak  in  North  America, 
says  a  corres[)on(l('nt  of  the  Natchitoches  Herald,  can  be  seen 
on  the  plantation  of  W.  Smith,  Esq.,  eighteen  miles  from  Natchi- 
toches, on  the  road  leading  to  Opelousas.  This  majestic  Oak 
stands  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  and  heavy  bottom,  on  the  IJayoii 
St.  IJarb.  Two  feet  from  the  ground  it  measures  foi'ly-foiir 
feet  in  (iircumfcrence,  and  at  six  feet,  tluHij-two  feet.  The  trunk 
apiH'ars  sound  ami  healthy,  and  its  height,  fo  iJtc  hmnches,  is 
from  fifty  to  si.xty  leet. 

From  Dr.  (i.  Kngelmn  ■'■'  St.  Louis,  I  learn  that  the  White 
Oak  {Q.alhti)  and  the  W.  ..  nestnut  Oak  {Q.  moiifdiia,  Wiu.n.) 
grow  in  that  vicinity,  where  there  are  two  vaviotios  of  eacli  with 
sessile  and  witii  lu-duneuinted  fruit,  in  this  respect  agreeing  witii 
the  fin,  varieties  of  the  English  Oak,  {Q.  rohnr,)  which  have 
been  eonsideivd  as  two  speeies.  Hi'  also  informs  me  that  the 
Chinquepin  Oak  {Q.  /,nii>,iJt,s.  Wiu.i).;  Q.  pr'nnin  f/iiii><i.j,!i,, 
Mien.  Sylva,  t.  11)  grows  eommouly  in  Southwestern  iMissouri. 
lie  also  adds,  that  the  Spanish  Oak  {Q.ftihuUi)  he  has  only 
seen  in  the  southern  extremity  of  Missouri;  and  that  the  Water 
Oak  ((J.  a>,H,i/!>v)  grows  no  nearer  to  him  than  the  banks  of 
the  Arkansas. 

The  Sweet  (luui  Tree  {fjli/nhhimlMir  fif//r((c(/Ina)  he  saw  on 
the  borders  of  the  Wabash  ;  it  grows  also  in  Southern  Missoin-i, 
and  all  through  Arkansas  to  the  jn-ovince  of  Texa.'^;  but  lie  has 
not  seen  it  through  the  greater  part  of  Missouri  and  Illinois. 

The  IJlack  Cum  Tree,  {y,/ss,i  miil/ijfom,  Walt.  \..  Si/lm/ln,, 

Vol,.  IV. -ij 


■■■■^ 


ADDITIONAL    OBSERVATIONS. 

Mich.  Sylva,  t.  110,)  according  to  Dr.  Engelmann,  is  common 
in  the  soutliern  parts  of  Missoun. 

The  Wahoo  Ehn  {Uhmia  alata)  Dr.  Engelmann  finds  as  far 
nortli  in  Missouri  as  the  vicinitj'  of  Hercuhmeum. 

Around  Cape  Girardeau,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  south  of 
St.  Louis,  he  also  observes  the  Tulip  Tree,  (Linodendron.) 

Beech  Tnvs,  the  doctor  infox-ms  mc,  he  has  not  seen  west  of 
the  Wabo;5h,  exc('pt  near  (kpe  Girardeau :  the}'  grow  associated 
with  Pines  in  Western  Louisiana,  and  I  have  seen  them  in  the 
torepts  which  border  the  Arkansas. 


)NS. 


mn,  IS  common 


mn  finds  as  far 
m. 

y^  miles  south  of 
jdendron.) 
lot  seen  west  of 
grow  associated 
seen  them  in  the 


CHESTNUT. 


Natural  Order,  Amentace^,    (Jiiss.)     Limioian   Classification, 

MON(ECIA,  POLYANDRIA. 

CASTANEA.*    (Tournefort.) 

PoLYaAMis.  The  male  anient  elongated,  composed  of  numerous 
interrupted  clusters  of  flowers,  with  a  five  or  six-parted  perianth. 
Stamens  ten  to  twenty.  Female  flowers  about  three  in  an  ovoid 
muricate  valvular  involucrum.  Perianth  urccolate,  5  or  6-cloft, 
having  rudiments  of  abortive  stamens.  The  ovary  incorporated 
with  the  periantli,  the  stigma  pencillate,  exserted,  its  divisions 
rigid  and  pungent.  Nuts  one  to  three,  included  in  the  enlarging 
echinate,  4-cleft  involucrum. 

These  are  trees  or  shrubs  of  temperate  Europe  and  North  Ame- 
rica, with  alternate,  stipulate,  mucronately-serrated  leaves,  and  very 
long,  axillary  aments.     Nuts  farinaceous,  edible. 


*  So  named  from  Castanra,  a  town  of  Thessaly,  near  the  river  Peneus,  where 
large  Chestnut  Trees  are  still  found. 


85 


r^'^ 


'TT' 


I 


I  '    I 


\l  \    I 


DWARF   CHESTNUT. 

Castanea  alnifolia.  Dcprrssa,  fullis  ohova/ls  siihaodis,  iiiurmiuifo- 
scrmlis  subciliads  jumoribas  sublus  jHibrsccnliltus,  <(  mail  is  fdifurniibas 
solitarits  iomcniosls. 

/9  PUBESCENS.     FoV'iS  b)Xvioribus,  adul/is  tinhhia  piihc.srcns. 

Caslanca  abnfolia,  Nl'TT.,  Gon,  vViii.,  vol.  ii.  p.  217. 

Castanea  nana,  Elliott,  Sk.,  vol.  ii.  p.  Olo,  (lujt  of  Muhl.) 

Fagas  paniila,  mw,  prxcox,  "Walter,  Caroliii.,  p.  "I'-Vo. 

A  SPECIES  remarkable  for  its  dwarf  ji,i'()wtli,  and  inserted  only 
to  complete  the  history  of  the  genus.  It  rarely  exceeds  a  foot 
in  height,  growing  in  small  patches,  with  creeping  roots.  I 
first  met  with  the  variety  [i  in  the  vicinity  of  (Charleston,  South 
Carolina;  afterward  the  smoother  kind,  much  more  a))un(lant, 
and  in  flower  in  the  month  of  March,  round  Tallahassee,  in 
West  Florida. 

The  Floridian  plant  is  scarcely  a  foot  in  height,  with  smooth, 
purplish-gray  branchlets;  the  leaves  ohovate,  on  very  short 
petioles,  deeply  serrate,  obtuse  or  acute,  elli[)tic-ol)ovate;  when 
young,  whitish  pubescent;  the  adidt  almost  pi'rfectly  smooth 
on  both  surfaces;  about  three  inches  long  by  one  inch  or  more 
wide.  Stipules  subulate,  rather  persistent.  Male  anieiits  soli- 
tary, long,  and  fdiform,  tomentosc.     The  fruit  1  ha,ve  not  seen. 

The  Charleston  plant  grows  in  sandy  pine-barrens,  and  the 
nut,  which  is  solitary,  is  said  by  Kiliott  to  be  nuich  larger,  but 
less  abundant,  than  in  the  oth.'r  native  species.  This  plant 
rarely  exceeds  two  feet  in  height.  Its  leaves  are  glossy  above, 
pubescent,  but  not  tomentose,  beneath.  Fi-rtile  flowers  one  to 
three  in  an  involucrum,  only  one?  perfected. 

The  wood  of  the  Chinquepin,  [(].  /iiimi/n.)  wlienever  it  ciiii 

lie  obtained  large  enough  i'or  [)osts.  is  much  vahied,  as  it  is  sup- 
80 


hao.idh,   vnirronalo- 
(tinrulis  fiUformlbus 

ens. 

Mulil.) 


iiud  insortod  only 
ily  uxcoods  a  loot 
rci'piiig  roots.  I 
Jli!irlc!«ton,  Soutli 
I  more  iibuudiint, 
1  TiiUiihiisHco,  in 

gilt,  willi  smooth, 
',  on  voiy  short 
ic-ohoviitc;  when 

pcrli'ctly  smooth 
one  inch  or  more 
Male  anieiits  soli- 

1  hiive  not  seen, 
j-barrens,  and  the 

much  larger,  but 
icies.     This  plant 

are  glossy  above, 
ilc  llowors  one  to 


)  whenever  it  ciui 
allied,  as  it  is  sup- 


rpj-pp 


I     ,:, 


11 

I ) 

■'li 
;i  'i  j 

'I 


I 


i  5  11 


I 


riiHtimc:i  iihiiloliii. 


r^r»t^T~ 


fW 


1 11 


f     ': 


I     il       I 


II 


G  0  L  D  E  N-L  E  A  V  E  D     C  II  E  S  T  N  U  T. 


37 


[)o.s(.'d  to  be  more  diuable  when  exposed  to  the  weather  than 
any  otlier  timber  except  the  Red  Cedar. — Elliott. 

PLATE  VI. 

A  branfh  of  (lie  ualiiml  size. 


1         GOLDEN-LEAVED    CHESTNUT. 

Castanea  CHiiYSOPHYLLA,  (Dougl.  Mss.)    FolUs  sempervireiiUbus  lata- 
lanceol'iiis  actinruxids  eoriaeeis  uifcgerrvnis  fjlabris  subius  aureo-farinosis. 
'^       lIoiiK.,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  159. 

-J  AccoKDiXG  to  Douglas,  this  is  a  splendid  evergreen  tree, 
varying  in  height  from  twenty  to  seventy  feet,  with  leaves 
four  to  five  inches  long,  deep  green  above,  and  below  of  a  rich 
golden  }ellow.  These  leaves  are,  also,  (very  different  from  all 
tlie  rest  of  the  genus)  quite  entire.  The  spikes  or  catkins  of 
the  llowers  scarcely  exceed  an  inch  in  length,  including  the 
peduncle,  and  the}'  are  solitai-y  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 
Sometimes  all  the  llowers  on  a  catkin  are  male ;  sometimes  the 
two  or  three  lower  ilowers  are  female.  The  fruits  are  two  or 
three,  crowded  or  densely  covered  with  acicular  prickles.  Said 
to  be  common  at  the  Grand  Rapids  of  the  Columbia,  Cape 
Orford,  and  near  Mount  Hood;  constantly  affecting  the  hills. 
This  species  rests  wholly  on  the  authority  of  Douglas.  I  did 
not  meet  with  it,  nor  does  it  appear  that  any  specimens  were 
sent  to  England.  It  will  probably  prove  to  be  some  very  dif- 
fei'ent  genus  to  that  of  the  present. 

AihJifiomd  Ohservafioiifi.     In  regard  to  the  Western  range  of 
our  forest  trees,  Dr.  Eiigelmaini   inibrms  me,   by  lettei-,  that, 


r^ 


}  I 


i 


!  ii 


nr 


I:  I 


I 


H :  I 


88 


ADDITIONAL    OBSERVATIONS. 


though  the  Chestnut  [Castanea  Americana)  does  not  grow  in 
the  immediate  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  it  still  reappears  again 
in  Southwestern  Missouri  and  the  northwestern  portion  of  Ar- 
kansas, where  is  also  found  the  Locust  Tree,  {Rohinia  pseud- 
acacia.) 

Chestnut  Tree,  [Castanea  Americana.)  The  wood  of  this 
tree  is  capable  of  receiving  a  fine  polish,  and  Avell-selected 
pieces  present  waves  and  feathered  figures  of  considerable 
beauty  ;.nd  variety,  the  more  striking  as  they  are  seen  with 
great  distinctness  through  a  pale  and  light  ground.  Furniture 
of  this  kind  may  be  seen  at  Mr.  Crout's  cabinet^warehouse  in 
Philadelphia. 


)NS. 

es  not  grow  in 

'eappears  again 

portion  of  Ar- 

[Robinia  pseud- 


2  wood  of  this 
d  well-selected 
of  considerable 
'  are  seen  with 
md.  Furnitnre 
3t-warehouse  in 


BIRCH. 


Natural  Order,  Betulineje,  (Richard.)     Linncean  Classification^ 

MoNffiCIA,  POLTANDRIA. 

BETULA.*    (Linn.) 

Male  flowers  in  long,  cylindric  aracnts.  Scales  in  a  double  series, 
the  inner  by  threes,  1-flowered ;  stamens  six  to  twelve.  Female 
flowers  with  ovoid  or  oval  aments;  the  scales  trifid,  1  to  3- 
flowered.  Styles  two.  Nats  minute,  compressed,  l-seeded,  edged 
with  an  alated,  thin  margin. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  the  colder  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere 
on  both  continents,  with  the  bark  often  exfoliating  in  thin,  circular 
plates.  Leaves  alternate,  ovate,  or  deltoid,  serrated ;  producing  sti- 
pules ;  aments  axillary. 

*  Supposed  to  be  derived  from  Betu,  the  Celtic  name  for  the  Birch. 


89 


rV»<^" 


wn 


i! 


AYE  STERN   BIRCH. 

Rkti'LA    oociDKXTALT.'i.     Jimnix   ri'siiios(i-r( rriii'dsis,  fuliis   htio   r/mnihio- 

(irnfis    sidiliiliiilis   iiicisii-si  I'l'dfis  Idrsiitillis,  sil/i/iis  vilJIiilHtrili'ls   jiilncl'lli^', 
liCVI'ls    riiiKllis,   fuiniilis  fi'iidini^   li(lij-cillinili'<(<'i'(S  sqiKlnlis  lnhi.i  (uliTilli- 
bus  ora/i-i  uiifrnii'dio  l<iii<ji<n'(\ 
Betui-a  orridciilalLi.     lIuoK.,  FloT,  IJoi'.  Am.,  Vol.  ii.  p.  155. 

Tins  low  sjk'c'r's  of  Biivli,  only  six  to  ten  (W't  liigli,  was  first 
observed  wostwiird  iicjir  the  sourci's  oC  tlio  Sweet  Water,  a 
northern  braneh  of  the  Platte,  and  where  it  [lenetnites  into  the 
lirst  ranye  of  tlie  Kocky  Mountains.  On  the  borders  of  this 
clear  stream,  diminished  to  a  small,  purling  Ijrook,  iind  aeeom- 
l)anied  by  cUnn[)s  of  willows,  we  lirst  saw  it  growinij,'.  Accord- 
ing to  Drnnunond,  it  occurs  on  the  east  side  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  down  to  Kdnionton  Jlouse.  Douglas  found  it  near 
springs  on  the  west  side  of  the  Ivoi'ky  Mountiiiiis;  and  Dr. 
ScuuU'r  met  with  it  in  Oregon,  near  to  the  Straits  of  .luan  de 
Fuca ;  it  also  grows  ni'ar  Walla- Walla,  and  continues  up  tlu- 
Oregon  to  the  country  of  the  Flatheads. 

The    principal    branches    are    erect    and    somewhat   virgate. 

clothed   with   a   bright    brown    bark,  copiously  spi'iid<led   witli 

snudl  resinous  warts,  so  as  to  render  the  l)ranches  rough  to  tin' 

touch.      The  lea\es  are  somewhat  deltoid,  or  rhomboidly-ovate. 

on  shortish  petioles,  in  my  specimens  acute,  but  not  at  inninate. 

siuu'ply   and    somewhat    une(pially  serrated,  and   vvvy  slightly 

lobe!;     above,   soiuewhat   glutinous,   with    very    li-w    pinnated 

nerves;    below,  jtah'r;    the   nndriii  and    nerves    sprinkled   with 

a   it'w  long  hirsute  hairs,  which   are  also  seen   above,  on.  ami 

near  the  petiole.     The  leaves,  in  llowering  s|>ecinu'ns,  are  only 

about  one  and  a  half  inches  long  by  an  inch  wide      (The  adidt 

leaves  described  by  Hooker  are  much  larger,  two  to  two  and  a 
40 


I. 

',  fo/iis   hill)   rlmnihiii- 

ptlKldiiifi/iils    j  II  III  r  I' if  is, 

f^'qidiiiiis  [iibis  laki'iili- 


.  ii.  p.  155. 

foot  high,  was  first 
10    Sweet  Water,  a 
penetrates  into  the 
Jio   borders  of  tills 
hrook,  Mud  aceoiu- 
growing.     Accord- 
side   of  the  Ivockv 
ighis  found  it  iieur 
ountiiins;    and   Dr. 
Straits  of  .luau  de 
I  continues  uj)  tlie 


somewhat  virgate. 
isly  sprinkled  with 
inches  rough  to  the 
I'  rlioiuhoidly-ovate. 
Iiut  not  acundniilc>. 

iind  vei'v  slightly 
^cry  few  pinniited 
ves  sprinkled  with 
I'CU  iilinve.  on,  iiml 
><peciiiiens.  Mre  only 
1  widf.  (The  ndidt 
I',  two  lo  two  iuid  :i 


VI 


w  "nr"' 


fl 


I'l  Vll 


l('r«lfl-li   /liiifl 


IW'lulii  urciitciitoliH 


Itoufvau  lUYiifi'ntti/ 


n 


l\ 


I  ihl 
I  '1  i 


I? 


;i  ( 


li 


M 


h      ' 


l'l.\Tll. 


Itfhilit    I'llunilMroli.-i 


'"*«8S*, 


'**^ 

'^m 


iM.vni. 


rniUr*  iii-ulut 


OVAL-LEAVED    B  I  R  C  IL 


41 


.1  \  ny 


'■7^- 


half  inches  long.)  The  aments  are  cjlindric,  in  the  stami- 
niferous  jilant,  composed  of  a  double  sex'ies  of  scales.  Female 
aments  pedunculated,  cylindric,  at  length  drooping,  often  ac- 
companied by  a  very  small  leaf  at  the  base;  the  scales  trifid 
and  dilat<  =1,  strongly  ciliated,  the  lateral  lobes  ovate;  the 
central  nni  nearly  linear  and  longer;  three  germs  beneath 
each  ^calc  Nuts  broadly  winged.  Styles  two,  very  long  and 
subulate;  sinnmit  of  the  germ  pubescent. 

The  trunk  of  this  species  is  only  a  few  inches  in  diameter,  so 
that  it  scare  ly  ranks  with  proper  trees.  The  leaves  are  bitter 
to  tiie  tuste. 

PLATE  VII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  seed-vessel. 


OVAL-LEAVED   BIRCH. 

Bktula  rhommfolia.  Bamis  resowsis  (iraciUlms,  folUs  subrhomboide.n. 
ornlihus,  vie  acutis,  (/ro.sse  serrafl.%  sHbtiis  paUkliortbus  epioictatis  ;  venis 
pilumiscnlis  ameiilis  fcmineis  ci/lindracels,  aqaanus  triparlUls  (jlabrias- 
cidis  lobii  vcalis,  hitcndilius  brecdjiis. 

Tins  is  a  still  more  humble  shrub  than  the  preceding,  which 
it  somewhat  roseml)les.  It  grows  in  the  central  Rocky  Moun- 
tain range,  and  continues  more  or  less  to  the  banks  of  the 
Oregon.  It  is  spreading  and  somewhat  decundx'ut,  with  slender 
brown  twigs,  which,  when  young,  are  more  or  less  covered  with 
resinous  atoms.  The  leaves,  with  their  petioles,  which  are  two 
or  three  lines,  are  not  more  than  an  inch  long  by  half  an  inch 
wide,  oval,  and  somewhat  rhom))ic;,  deeply,  sharply,  and  almost 
e(inaUy   serrate,   rounded,    but    still    generally   acute,   smooth 


42 


OBSERVATIONS     ON     THE     BIRCH. 


W 


I 


!■     ■ 


',      ill 


above,  paler  beneath,  with  a  very  few  distant  nerves,  somewhat 
hairy  along  their  margins  beneath.  External  scales  of  the 
male  aments  ovate  and  ciliate.  Stamens  about  six.  Female 
aments  with  nearly  smooth,  deeply  3-parted  scales,  of  which 
the  central  division  is  the  longest.  I  have  not  seen  the  ripe 
fruit. 

PLATE  VIII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  seed-vessel. 

Ohservatlons.  On  the  summit  of  the  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire  grows  the  Betula  nana  of  Europe,  found  there 
by  Mr.  Oakes  as  well  as  myself. 

Dr.  Charles  Pickering  also  collected  a  specimen  on  those 
mountains,  which  appears  to  be  the  Betula  frutlvosa  of  Pallas, 
first  found  in  Siberia. 

In  the  Kocky  Mountains,  besides  the  two  species  now  de- 
scribed, we  met  with  the  litida  i/la/uhdosa,  which  is  also  found 
on  the  high  mountains  of  the  United  States. 

Canoe  Birch,  or  Paper  Birch,  {Betula  papijracea.)  This 
very  useful  speeiet^  of  Birch  to  the  aljorigines  of  the  North  is 
found,  according  to  the  observations  of  Dr.  Richardson,  as  far  as 
the  65th  degree  of  latituue. 

White  Birch,  [Betula  2>ojnil!/olia.)  Hooker  very  justly  re- 
marks the  near  affinity  which  this  species  bears  to  the  common 
European  Birch,  [B.  alha.)  The  general  aspect  is  the  same. 
In  our  plant,  howijver,  the  leaves  have  longer  acuminated  points 
and  smaller  fertile  catkins.  The  scale  of  the  sn  ne  catkin  in 
ours  is  also  comparatively  smaller  and  shorter-clawed,  with  the 
middle  lobe  acute  and  much  smaller  than  the  lateral  lobes; 
whereas,  in  the  European  Birch,  +he  lobes  ai'e  nearly  all  equal 
and  obtuse. 


SJesji:* 


1 11  C  II. 

erves,  somewhat 
il  scales  of  the 
ut  six.  Female 
scales,  of  which 
ot  seen  the  ripe 


ALDERS. 


l-vcssel. 

te  Mountains  of 
rope,  found  there 

iccimen   on   those 
ruticosa  of  Pallas, 

)  species  now  de- 
hich  is  also  found 


nipyracea.)  This 
}s  of  the  North  is 
chardson,  as  far  as 


:er  very  justly  ro- 
ars to  the  common 
spect  is  the   same. 

acuminated  points 
he  Sii  ne  catkin  in 
cr-clawed,  with  the 

the  lateral  lohes; 
ire  nearly  all  e(|iial 


Natural    Order,  AiiKNTACiCyE,    (Juss.)      Linmmn    Clamjication, 

MoNdiciA,  Tktkandkia. 

Genus  ALNUS.    (Touunefout,  Dkcandolle.) 

Character.  The  flowers  arc  monnccmis,  (or  of  two  difterent  kinds 
on  the  same  plant,)  disposed  in  catkins,  (or  cyHndric  spikes  of 
short  duration;)  those  prochicing  tlie  stunions  are  long  and  cylin- 
dric;  those  of  the  fruit  or  seed  are  ovoid  or  globuhar,  produced 
upon  branching  peduncles.  The  scales  of  the  male  flower  are  pedi- 
cellatcd,  and  in  the  form  of  an  inverted  heart,  bearing  beneath 
each  three  lesser  scales;  the  pr()[ter  flowers  are  situated  at  the  base 
of  each  of  these,  and  arc  coniixjscd  of  a  cup  with  four  lobes  and 
four  s' aniens.  The  scales  of  the  fruiting  catkins  are  wedge-shaped, 
hard,  and  persistent.  Tlie  ovary  is  eoniprcssed,  and  bears  two 
long  stigmas.  The  envelop  of  the  seed  is  hard,  with  a  border 
whieh  is  either  thiek  or  meml)ranacoous,  und  presents  two  cells 
with  two  seeds:  the  ovules  in  the  gi'rni  are  about  four,  or  two  in  a 
cell,  three  of  them  usually  abortive. 

The  plants  of  this  small  genus,  conflned  to  the  temperate  or  colder 
parts  of  Europe  and  North  America,  are  either  shrubs  or  trees,  with 
deciduous  leaves,  generally  growing  by  streams,  or  in  cool  and  humid 
plaees.  As  trees,  they  seldom  attain  a  greater  elevation  than  thirty 
to  forty  feet;  the  wood  is  hard  and  yellowish,  becoming  of  a  brown- 
ish red,  nearly  like  nndiogaiiy,  when  exposed  to  the  air,  and  capable 
of  acquiring  a  line  polish.  When  stained  hlaek,  it  resembles  ebony; 
and  it  is  capable  of  enduring  moisture  for  a  great  length  of  time. 

43 


OREGON    ALDER. 

Tlio  AldiTrt  may  be  divided  into  the  two  following  sections:    in 
l)0tli  tlie  peduncles  arc  subdivided. 

§  I.    The,  sccd-ccssel  furnished  lo'dh  a  incmbrannccoas  xcliKjcd  marfjin,  and 
Willi  the  sccdcij  of  thefiiilc  amcnt  vetusc  or  obscurely  lobed. 

The  White  Alder,  {Almis  incana.) 
The  Oregon  Alder,  {Ahius  Ch-iyona.) 
The  Ileart-lcaved  Alder,  {Almis  cordata.) 
Mountain  Alder,  {Alnuii  clridis.) 

§  U.  The  maryin  of  the  seed-vessel  thick  and  opaque,  and  with  the  scales  of 
the  fruitiny  anient  distinctly  lubcd. 

Common  Alder,  {Alnus  ylutinosa.) 
Fine-toothed  Alder,  {Alnas  serruUita.) 
Sea-side  Alder,  {Alnus  maritima.) 
Oblong-leaved  Alder,  i^Alnus  oblonyatn.) 
iShort-lcaved  Alder,  {Ab  us  brcrifolia.) 
Rhombic-leaved  Alder,  {Alnus  rhornbifolia.) 


§  I.  Ffuit  ahited. 

OREGON    ALDER. 

Alnus  Oukgona.  Foliis  lato-ocalis  ulrluque  acutis,  .hqMcato-scrratis  juni- 
or ibns  ylulinasis,  vcnis  subtus  pnbcsccntibus  i>allidis;  stipulis  obUDiqli 
deciduis  ylutlnusis,  raniulis  ylobris. 

Alnus  yln/inosa.    Pursii,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  623,  (in  part.) 

Tins  tree,  like  the  Common  Alder  of  Europe,  attains  the 
height  of  thirty  or  forty  feet,  with  an  erect,  .smooth  trunk  of 
small  diameter,  the  wood  of  which  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the 
European  species,  and  might,  no  doubt,  be  employed  for  the  same 
()i.tposes:   it  is,  however,  lighter  in  color,  but  of  a  close  grain. 


viiig  sections:    in 


oUvjcd  marfjln,  and 
•Urdu  hied. 


(a.) 


nd  iclth  the  scales  of 


n.) 


ifolia.) 


luplicato-serratis  jnn  i- 
idis;  slqndls   oblongi^ 

p.  623,  (in  part.) 

iluropo,  attains  tlie 
t,  smooth  trunk  of 
milar  to  that  of  the 
ployed  for  the  same 
at  of  a  dose  grain. 


AImiik    OiTt;i)ii;i 


(h-ct/on  .(lilir 


.  Iinit    </<'  /  (h'tyoii 


OREGON  ALDER. 


45 


As  an  ornamental  tree,  it  is  well  worth  attention,  produeinj'' 
an  elegant  erect  top,  and  affording  considerable  shade  by  tlie 
largeness  of  its  leaves,  which  are  about  three  inches  long  by 
two  and  a  half  wide.  We  found  it,  as  usual  with  the  plants  of 
this  genus,  growing  along  the  borders  of  small,  clear  brooks, 
near  the  ct)niluence  of  the  Wahlamet,  but  seldom,  if  ever,  on 
the  banks  of  the  larger  streams  wliieh  are  subject  to  inundation. 
In  our  progress  to  the  West,  we  fust  observed  this  tree  on  the 
borders  of  the  rivers  Boisee  and  Brulee,  which  pass  into  the 
Shoshonee  not  far  from  Walla-Walla,  and  at  intervals  it  con- 
tinues more  or  less  common  to  Point  Chinhook,  near  the  shores 
of  the  Pacific. 

The  twigs  ai'e  .smooth  and  of  a  brown  color,  and  the  young 
buds  of  every  kind  resinous,  as  well  as  the  up[)er  surface  of  the 
younger  leaves;  beneath,  the  leaves  are  more  or  less  pulx'scent, 
particularly  along  the  veins,  and  paler  and  often  .somewhat 
ferruginous.  The  veins  are  very  strongly  marked  and  i)ro- 
miuent  ])eueath,  the  teetli  large,  but  the  denticulatious  juinute 
and  glandular  at  the  points.  Sometimes  the  leaves  ai'e  elli[>ti('- 
ov;de,  the  stalks  about  the  third  of  an  inch  long.  The  stipules 
are  resinous,  and  disappear  with. the  evolution  of  the  bud.  The 
I'ruitiug  ament  is  roundish-ovoid,  and  very  similar  to  that  of 
the  Counuon  Alder. 

Tiiis  .spocies  is  nearly  allied  to  the  W!)ite  Alder  {A/iniN  in- 
cfUKi.)  but  (lillers  sulliciently  in  its  buds,  brauchlets,  stipules,  and 
leaves;  in  both  the  fruit  is  provided,  as  in  the  Hireh.  with  u 
translucent,  membranous  wing,  it  ajjpears.  likewise,  to  hiive  a 
considerable  allinity  to  .1.  tuiini'uKiln  of  Humboldt  and  J5oi\j)lan(l, 
a  tree  of  Peru,  discovered  by  Dondu'V.  but  in  that  species  the 
leaves  iire  more  lanceolate  Ihiui  ovi;te  and  acuminate. 

Besides  th(>  other  economical  uses  for  which  the  wood  of  llu; 
Alder  is  employed,  the  knots  furnish  a  beiiutifully-veined  wood 
tor  ealiiuets;  hiuidsoiue  eliaii's  have  b"eii  made  of  jt.  wliich 
atipiire  the  color  of  uialioj:iiny.     In  JMauee  ii  is  u>ed   in  making 


WHITE    ALDER. 

sabots,  or  wooden  shoci^,  and  in  the  North  of  Enirlnnd  it  is 
employed  for  the  thick  soles  of  a  kind  of  shoes  called  clogs,  and 
is  preferred  for  these  uses,  in  consideration  of  its  durability  and 
lightness.  The  chips,  boiled  with  copperas,  give  a  black  dye  to 
wool,  and  the  leaves  have  been  used  in  tanning;  sheep  will 
browse  on  them  and  on  the  smaller  branches. 

PLATE  IX. 

A  lirtiHi'li  iif  the  ii'idirid  size.     a.  The  seed-vessel. 


WHITE   ALDER. 

Ai.XTS  ixc.wA.     F"fi'is  i,h/iii)i/!s  (h'Hiis  siihtus  pubesceifdhHS,  axUUs  vena- 
ram  nuiVs,  s/ijiiilis  hinceoldtis.      WiM.l).  Sp.  ])]. 

Ahiiis  }ni(hihit,i,  \Vii,T,i>.,  Sji.  pi.,  vol.  iv.  p.  :{:')(!. 
Bl;i-'U  AldiT.  (Ahnis  i/Iiiiied.)  Minr.,  Svlvii.  vnl.  i.  p.  .'578, 
Jie/iihi  Aim's,  fvis/Ki,  Micif..  Kill!'.  Bill'.  Am.,  vol,  ii.  p.  181. 
liil  ilii  crispn,  AiTox,  Kow..  vtii.  iii.  ji.  '-V-'tSi. 

Jiihild  iihiils,  I'i.   LlNX.,  ^]).  pi 

Tins  species  forms  n  much  smidler  tree  than  the  CoimiKni 
Aldt'i'.  being  only  Iwehc  to  eigiileen  feet  liigb.  and  sometimes 
indeed  a  mere  shrub,  iis  in  the  Alleghiiny  .Mountains  in  Peiiii- 
sylvaniu.  In  .Mjissaehnsi'tts  and  Maiiu'  it  attains  its  greatest 
size.  Its  b;irk  is  gray  or  cinereons:  tlie  leaves  are  sometimes 
villous  beneath,  and  the  stii)nles  persistent  al"lei-  the  ilevel(i|i- 
ment  of  tlie  leaves,  which  are  nowiiy  glutinous;  those  of  the 
young  plants  are  smooth  and  glaucous  beneath.  It  is  coniinnn 
to  the  mountainous  parts  ol"  Knrope  not  less  tlian  to  the  nortli- 
ein  purls  of  the  United  States.  It  occurs  likewise  in  tliis 
vicinity. 


Eiijiliind  it  is 

alloc!  clogs,  and 

durability  and 

a  black  dye  to 

ng;   sheep  will 


'\r 


:esseL 


Dtlhus,  axilUs  irim- 


:178. 


181. 


iin  the  Coinnion 
1.  and  sonu'tiiiH's 
uitiiiiis  in   IVnn- 
iiins  its  fivcatest 
>s  lire  sctiiU'tinu'S 
■{rv   tlic    <lt'Vclol»- 
,,is;    those  of  tin' 
1.      It  is  conini'iu 
lan  to  the  norlli- 
likewise    in   thi)* 


MOUNT  ATX    ALDER. 

Ai.NMS  viurt>7«,  (Dix'ANiMiM.i;.)    Folils  n>liiii<latu.i,Viais  Iririjutfiriffr  (in/n'i' 
sin;ii:s<il,tl,rlitsritlifi,  stliniljs  unUis  tncmbramtma  ihcidals ;  fnirllhii.s  laic 

llltllls. 

Aliiiis  rh-!!!''",  DiK'Wiiiii.i.K,  Flon;  I''raiu;iii<(',  vol,  iii.  p.  .■504. 

Jhi>ilii  rlr:<h'<,  A'li,i,Aiis,  Danpliiii,  vo!.  iv.  ji.  T^'J. 

]l,fiil<i  nrnlii,  SriiKANK,  Salisl...  ]>.  2.". 

Jir/iil'(  liK'iiii'i.  [i.   IjAMAUck.  Diet.,  vol.  i.  p.  455. 

Alii"'^  Alliiiiii  mliii'i;  Wwnw'a  I'iiiav,  p.  4JS. 

Lai!I!AIm)1!,  the  elevated  siunniits  of  the  White  Mountains  of 
New  llanipshire.'"  and  t!ie  tops  of  the  high  momitains  of  North 
Carolina,!  are  the  only  localities  on  this  continent  where  the 
Mountain  Alder  lias  yet  been  found.  It  occurs  likewise  in  the 
Ali)s  of  Switzerland,  at  an  elevation  of  between  four  and  five 
thousand  feet  al)o\c  the  level  of  the  sea.  whei'e  it  fre(iuently 
fonn.s  ii  snndl  tree  about  si\  feet  in  height.  In  the  White 
Moinitains  its  stature  is  luiieli  niori'  depressed,  and  it  is  of  ran; 
occurrence,  it  grows  liUewisi^  in  the  barri'ii  and  c(dd  cliuuile 
of  Kanit.s;hatkii. 

The  wood  is  white,  and  the  branches  are  covered  with  .i 
chiereoiis  smooth  hark.  The  leaf  is  near  two  inches  long  and 
one  and  a  half  wide,  nearly  smooth  on  both  sides,  but  geiu'rally 
Boniewhat  hairy  along  the  vi'ins  beneath,  rather  acute,  wit'i 
numerous  sharp,  snnill.  and  irj'egnlar  Pcrratures,  but  not  doidily 
serrate.     'I'he  nude  ciitkins  are   long,  und  grow,  two  or  three 


*  A  Hiirciiiicii  ill  I'll'  111  rlpiiiiiiiii  dl'  llu'  .\('iiilfiiiv  lit'  Niitiinil  i^rii'iici'H  in   I'hiiii- 
dciiiliiii  wiiK  tlii-cdvci'i'il  (111  till'  Wliili'  >Iiiuiitaiii^<  liy  my  IViciid,  l>r.  ('iiinlos  Piokcr- 


iii}?,  nt  an  t'lDViilimi  of  I'mir  lliuii-iiiiil  iiil  iilmvc  the  levul  ul'  tliu  sun, 
t  Uec'Oiitly  (liHL'oviTcii  Ky  l>r  tJiiiy  iiinl  Mr  Curtis. 


i!  'I'l 


47 


liljj: 


i' 
I 


Til  IN-LEAVED     ALDER. 

tofrether,  at  the  extremities  of  the  twigs;  each  scale  contain.' 
three  tetrandrous  flowers,  as  usual  in  the  genus.  The  fertile 
auients  are  roundish  and  elliptic,  about  three  together,  and  ter- 
minal; the  scales  are  truncated  and  obscurely  lobed  at  tlio 
extremities;  tlie  fruit,  like  that  of  the  Birch,  is  furnished  witli 
a  broad,  thin,  conspicuous  winged  nuirgin. 


§  II.  Fruit  not  alafed;  the  margin  opaqiie. 

THIN-LEAVED   ALDER. 

AL\t:s  TKXUlFoi.iA.  FoUis  Into-ovalis  siibdi-atis  dHpUcdto-crenatis  f/la/im 
b((si  riiliDtditlis  liiiu/e  ^v/('«^;^/.<,  .^I'ipiiUs  dceklKl.'},  prdiwcidis  faiuiu'i.< 
di(/)licalo-ra)nuf>i.s. 

This  very  distinct  species  of  Alder,  which  arranges  with  (niv 
common  species,  (A.  sirnihitn.)  w:is  met  with  on  the  borders  uf 
small  stieams  within  the  range  of  the  Kocky  Mountains,  and 
afterward  in  the  valleys  of  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon.  :i 
chain  which  may  be  called,  as  it  were,  in  comiiarison  of  tluii 
elevation,  the  Alleghanies  of  the  West. 

This  sp(!cies  falls  short  of  the  r-haracter  of  a  tree;  but  yet  it 
is  scarcely  inferior  in  si/e  with  om*  connuon  si)ecies,  growing  (•> 
about  the  height  of  a  gnaii,  with  unnierous  short  brain'lics 
covered  with,  a  smooth  gray  bark.  The  leaves  are  al»out  two 
inches  lovig  by  one  and  a  half  wide,  with  slender  [)e(ioles,  lidiii 
a  half  to  three-(piarters  of  an  inch  in  length;  they  are  of  a  tliiii 
cousistence.  and  usually  smooth,  with  obtuse  denticulatioii- 
The  IVuiting-branches  are  often  subdivided,  each  branch  beiu'injr 
I'mni   thrre  t(»  five  small,  roundish,  ovate  aments,  of  whicii  th' 


I. 

ch  scale  contain^ 
nus.     The  fertile 

together,  and  ter- 
•elv  lohed   at   the 

is  furnished  with 


)ER. 

iplirato-creiiatis  (jlohrh 
s,  pcduncuUs  fciiuiuis 

I  arranges  with  (hiv 
h  on  the  l)ordi'Vs  of 
?ky  Mountains,  iiml 
utains  of  Oregon,  :i 
coui[)arison  of  their 


)f  a  tree ;  but  yet  it 
1  species,  growing  to 
I'ous  short  l)rinn'lu's 
caves  are  ahout  two 
4ender  petioles,  I'min 
li;  they  are  of  m  thin 
htuse  (lenticulatinii> 
ciU'h  branch  bearing 
mients,  of  whicii  tli> 


w 


S'      ( 


;:<    ; 


AIkUS    tl'Mlllt'oll!! 


I  I'll  I /It 


\ 


yy^lf. 


-if* 


RHOMBIC-LEAVED    ALDER. 


49 


scales  are  very  distinctly  lobed.  The  fruit  is  unusually  small 
and  elliptic,  terminated  by  the  two  remaining  styles,  and  having 
a  thin,  opaque  margin. 

PLATE  X. 

1  A  branch  uf  (he  natural  aizc,     a.   The  fruit. 


RIIOMBIC-LEAYED   ALDER. 

Alnus  rhombifolia.  FoUi's  snhrhomboidi'o-ovads  ohtas'msculis  f/lidinosif 
bast  act'lis,  sithfliipllcato-scrrulafis  acrraluris  crchri.s  acuti.s,  stibtas  pube- 
ruUs  axillis  ccnanim  nudls,  .slij>tilis  oblonijis  7iiniii)ranaccis  tieciduis. 

I  OBSEUVEi)  this  species,  a  large?  shrulj,  in  the  vicinity  of  Mon- 
terey, in  Upper  California.  Its  nearest  relation  a})pears  to  be  to 
the  European  Alder,  {A.  ijialuioHa,)  from  which,  however,  it  is 
abundantly  distinct.     The  fruit  I  have  not  seen. 

The  leaves  are  about  two  inches  long  and  one  and  a  half 
vride,  glutinous,  beneath  nearly  the  same  color  j's  above,  and 
pubescent  along  the  veins;  the  petioles  are  not  more  than  about 
two  lines  long.  The  twigs  are  smooth  and  brownish.  It 
appears  to  be  allied  to  the  oljlong-leaved  Alder  {A.olJongala)  of 
the  South  of  Europe. 


Vol.  IV.— 4 


ii 


If. 'I  I 


I   ! 


SEA-SIDE  ALDER. 

Ai.NUK  MAKiTTMA.  Foliis  ovalibus  f/kiliris  sermtls  ohiusis  vcl  acuminatif, 
bdsi  (icutifi,  snbtus  fcrrurjhicis ;  amends  feminds  maximis,  sqtuuali 
(III  plica  (o-lohat  is. 

Alnus  mauitima.  Foliis  oralis  scrratis,  Insi  aeutis. — Muiil.,  Mss. 
Obscrviitioiios  Botanicoc  de  Plaiitis  Am.  Septont.,  p.  193,  (in  tho 
Library  of  tlio  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Pliilad.)  and  Ilorbarium. 

A  si'ECiMEX  of  this  very  distinct  species  of  Aklor  was  collected 
on  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Maryland,  hy  my  fi-iend,  Charles  Picker- 
ing. It  has  the  appearance  of  being  a  low  shrnlj,  with  slender, 
smooth  branches.  The  leaves  arc  two  and  a  half  to  three 
inches  long  by  one  and  a  half  or  nioi'e  wide,  of  an  elegant,  well- 
defined,  oval  outline,  and  supported  upon  longish  petioles;  the 
young  buds  and  leaves,  after  the  manner  of  the  genus,  are 
slightly  glutinous;  thenorvings  very  slender,  serratures  shallow, 
and  in  ■'■v  larger  leaves  r-ather  remote;  the  ui)permost  leaves  on 
the  inlirtile  shoots  iive  jicurainated,  and,  at  first  glance,  look 
almost  lilce  tlie  leaves  of  a  Camellia.  The  male  catkins  are 
unknown,  as  are  the  stipules,  which  are  probably  small.  Tlie 
fertile  ament,  in  size  and  general  appearance,  might  be  taken  for 
ihc  strobile  or  cone  of  a  Spi'ucc  ;  it  is  about  the  size  of  a  Tlop- 
cluster,  nearly  black,  with  the  scales  very  thick  and  deeply  aiul 
obviously  lobed.  The  carpel  is  small  in  proportion,  and  with  « 
thick,  opacjue,  and  obscure  margin,  a.'^  in  A.  serrulata. 


PLATE   X. 

A.  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.   The  seed-vessel. 


50 


pisis  vel  acuminads, 
maximis,   squaml^ 

l(/is. — MuiiL.,  M^s. 
Int.,  p,  193,  (ill  tlio 
barium. 


1 


kloi'  was  colloctod 
itl,  Charles  Pickor- 
rul),  with  slondor, 
:i  half  to  throe; 
>f  an  elegant,  woll- 
igish  petioles;  the 
of  the  genus,  are 
scrratures  shallow, 
pperniost  leaves  on 
;  first  glance,  look 
:  male  catkins  are 
ibably  small.  The 
might  be  taken  for 
the  size  of  a  Hop- 
ick  and  deeply  uinl 
portion,  and  with  a 
errulata. 


ed-vessel. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


11.25 


te&IM    |2.5 

|5o   ■^"     MH 

■u  Uk   122 

S  i:a  12.0 

l»    I. 
■HUI* 


^<^ 


/ 


w 


Fhotograiiiic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


^ 


a>^ 


V 


\ 


;\ 


^, 


^S 


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E  L  M  S, 

Natural    Order,   Ulmace/E,    (Mirbel.)      Linncean   Classification, 
Pentandria,  Digynia. 

ULMUS.    (Linn.) 


I  OPAQUE-LEAVED   ELM. 

Ulmus  opaca.  Foliis  parvis  obhmgo-ovatis  ohtusis  scnbris,  suhduplicato 
dentmdaiis,  hasi  ciineaiis  ohUquis  subtus  jmbescentibus,  fioribus  fascicu- 
lads,  frudlbus  hirsutis. 

In  the  summer  of  1818,  on  my  journey  into  the  interior  of 
the  territory  of  Arkansas  and  on  the  plains  of  Red  River,  near 
its  confluence  with  the  Kiamesha,  1100  miles  up  the  former 
stream,  I  had  the  satisfaction  of  discovering  this  curious  Elm, 
which,  like  our  other  species,  forms  a  majestic  and  spreading 
forest  tree  of  the  dimensions  of  an  ordinary  Oak.  In  those 
dry  and  open  .savannas,  the  shade  of  this  densely-verdant  tree 
proved  more  than  usually  acceptable.  It  is  remarkable  for  the 
smallness  and  thickness  of  its  oblique  and  usually  blunt  leaves, 
which,  with  their  short  stalks,  are  only  about  an  inch  in  length 
by  half  that  dimension  in  breadth ;  they  are  also  very  nume- 
rous, close  together,  scabrous,  with  minute  *papilloo,  of  a  deep 
green  above,  and  somewhat  shining,  oblong-ovate,  mostly  ob- 
tuse, the  margin  with  shallow,  double  denticulations ;  beneath, 
the  leaf  is  paler,  a  little  brownish,  with  strong  p»Minute,  simple, 

61 


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11  ^« 


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iii 


1  ' 


,i(P 


52 


OPAQUE-LEAVED    ELM. 


or  forked  nerves ;  the  base  of  the  leaf  is  oblique,  as  well  as  the 
whole  outline,  and  one  half  of  the  leaf  is  much  narrower  than 
the  other ;  the  nerves  are  pubescent.  The  young  bnanches  are 
smooth  and  brownish.  The  leaves,  before  complete  develop- 
ment, ai'e  canescently  tomentose  and  attended  by  large,  oblong 
membranous,  broAvn  stipules.  The  taste  of  the  plant  is  astrin- 
gent, but  noway  mucilaginous. 

This  remarkable  species  appears  to  be  nearly  allied  to  Uhnri.9 
chinensis,  judging  from  the  short  description  in  Persoon  and 
Duharnel.  The  flowers  are  fasciculated  in  small  numbers  and 
on  short  peduncles.  The  samara  is  elliptic,  rather  deeply  bilid 
at  the  summit,  covered  with  a  dense  and  somewhat  ferruginous 
pubescence  even  when  ripe. 

Of  the  uses  and  quality  of  the  timber  of  this  species  I  am 
unable  to  speak  from  experience,  as  it  grew  remote  from  th*^ 
settlements  at  that  time  established  in  the  te  .'ritory.  The  den- 
sity of  shade  produced  b}'  it,  so  crowded  with  rigid  leaves,  and 
the  peculiarity  of  its  appearance,  entitle  it  to  a  place  in  the 
nurseries  of  the  cui'ious,  and  it  is  probably  quite  hardy  enough 
for  all  temperate  climates.     To  this  species  Virgil's  epithet — 

"  Foecunda)  frondibus  ulmi" — 
might  more  justly  be  applied  than  to  any  other. 

PLATE  XI. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 


ue,  as  well  as  the 
ch  narrower  tliiiii 
lUng  bmnches  are 
lomplete  develop- 
by  large,  oblong, 
lie  plant  is  astrin- 


y  allied  to  Uhnm 
X  in  Persoon  and 
mall  numbers  and 
catlicr  deeply  biiid 
lewhat  ferruginous 

this  species  I  am 
V  remote  from  th<^ 
:  .-ritory.  The  dcn- 
h  rigid  leaves,  and 

to  a  place  in  the 
:iuite  hardy  enongh 
iTirgil's  einthet. — 


her. 


rimuH  I'urenutHa. 


M 


"''^S*'9»«B«»*'. 


I'l  XII. 


(I      I 


<i^i/i-(iftpe^ 


I  I     1 


1. 


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li; 


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THOMAS'S    ELM. 

Ulmus  racemosa,  (Thomas.)  Foliis  ovatis  ncuminalis  dnplkafo-sermtis 
(jlabris  suhtiis  imhcscentihus ;  flmhm  raccmo.w  fasciciiMis. 

TJi-MUS  RACEMOSA,  flowci's  111  racomcs  ;  pedicles  in  distinct  fascicles, 
iiiiitod  at  tlicir  bases;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  Bcrrute, 
glabrous  above,  [minutely]  pubescent  bcncatli ;  stigmas  recurved. 
Eaton's  North  Am.  Bot.,  (ed.  8.,)  p,  464.  Thomas,  in  Sillimau's 
Jdurn.  Soi.,  vol.  xix.  p.  170,  with  a  Plate. 

This  species,  confounded  with  our  other  Elms,  is,  according 
to  Professor  Torrey,  an  abundant  species  in  the  western  part 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  and,  probably,  of  the  Western 
States  generally.  Mr.  Thomas,  its  discoverer,  found  it  in  Ca- 
yuga county,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  in  the  adjacent 
country.  According  to  Emerson,  he  believes  Mr.  Oakes  has 
obtained  specimens  from  Vennont,  collected  by  Dr.  Eobbins,  so 
that  it  is  probably  a  Northern  and  Western  species. 

The  lower,  stout  branches,  according  to  Mr.  Thomas,  produce 
corky  excrescences  like  the  Wahoo  Elm.  Leaves  broad-ovate, 
Wuminate,  obliquely  auriculated  on  one  side,  doubly  serrate, 
smooth,  and  somewhat  shining  above,  with  the  under  surface 
and  ribs  minutely  pubescent.  The  flowers,  unlike  any  other 
Elm,  are  disposed  in  racemes,  composed  of  several  clusters  of 
two  to  four  together,  and  extending  to  the  length  of  one  to  two 
and  a  half  inches,  often  furnished  with  one  or  two  small  but 
perfect  leaves  before  the  terminal  buds  are  open;  the  flowers 
distinctly  pedicellate.  Calyx  7  to  8-cleft.  Stamens  seven  to 
ten.  Stigmas  two,  recurved.  Samara  elliptic,  large,  and  very 
pubescent,  with  the  margin  thickly  fringed,  and  the  membrane 
more  extended  on  one  side  as  indicative  of  a  second  but  abor- 
tive cell. 

PLATE  XII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  Tkejioiver.    b.  A  branch  with  (he  corky  bark. 

53 


i-    i 


HICKORY. 


I 


I'TII 


Nalaml  Onhr,  JuglandEtR,  (Decand.)     Lhmcvaii  Chissijicafloii, 

MoNffiCIA,  POLYANDRIA. 

CARYA.*    (XuTT.,  Gen.  Am.) 

Sianmntc  flowers  in  very  Ions;  and  loose,  ternato  aments,  scales  im- 
bricated, 3-parted.  Stamens  three  to  six,  with  pilose  anthers. 
Fvvt'dc  flower  with  a  siii_<i;le  4-clet't  superior,  herbaceous  jieriaiitli. 
yt^Ie  none;  sti_s;nui  partly  discoid,  2-lobcd,  the  segniejits  biiiil. 
Pericarp  woody,  4-valved.  Nut  mostly  somewhat  quadranguliir, 
with  an  even  surface. 


r  1 1 


\\§ 


Large  trees  of  Xorth  America,  confined  to  the  eastern  side  of  tlio 
Rocky  >rountains,  and  e  :tcnding  from  Upper  Canada  to  Florida. 
Leaves  alternate,  unccpially  pinnate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  poly- 
gamous, in  compound,  pendulous,  pedunculated  aments  appeariii,!.' 
with  the  leaves;  female  flowers  termiiuil ;  the  pericarp  opening  In' 
four  valves.  Nuts  edible  or  bitter,  usmilly  more  or  less  quadran- 
gular; in  the  Pahin,  even.  Pubescence  tufted  or  stellate.  Persoon. 
as  far  back  iis  1H07,  divided  the  genus  Juglans  into  the  two  natural 
Bcctions  which  it  presented :  his  second  division  included  the  Hicko- 
ries only.     ''  *  *  A}iientis  inascuUs  co^npus'Uis,  kirandris." 


*  Fnini  xii/iuu,  till'  iiiu'iciit  (ircok  iiaiiio  of  tlio  Walnut.  Ifickon/  is  an  Iiidiiiii 
name  for  anmr  of  the  dpccios  of  this  goniis ;  one  of  tlioni  was  known  to  tlic 
Indians  by  tli(>  name  of  I'cion  or  J'li/.-nii.  llalincscnie  aj  ,)licd  the  barbaruu< 
name  y//V7,vy//(»  to  tliis  ^cnus,  witliout  do.^cribini;  or  limiting  it;  in  so  doiii!:  Iii' 
Ills  uo  higher  elaims  for  tliu  ado[itiuu  of  the  naiuo  thaa  uur  woodsmen  and  the 
ubori)j,iiu's. 
54 


^"rf^' 


.  ,v:*r;' 


cean  Classification, 


) 

)  aments,  scales  ini- 
:ith  pilose  antliois. 
crbiiceous  perinutli. 
the  segments  biliil. 
iwliat  quadrauguliir, 


3  eastern  s'ule  of  tlio 
Canada  to  Floridii. 
ulos.  Flowers  jKily- 
d  aments  appoarin.;: 
pericarp  opening  by 
are  or  less  quadraii- 
)r  stellate,  rersoon. 
into  the  two  natural 
included  the  Ilicko- 
indrls." 

:.  lli'ckon/  is  nil  Indiiiii 
lu'in  was  known  to  tlio 
0  uj,)lii'd  tlio  barbaruuj 
liting  it ;  in  so  dolnji  lio 
u  uur  woodsmen  aud  the 


imw 


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•  'I'r/utl/  I'niitfi/ llu^ion 


,\'i>\ir II i>i til  thill 


pi.xm 


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III! 


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§  I.  Nuts  more  or  less  quadranfjular.    Hickory,  properly  so  called. 

SMALL-FRUITED     HICKORY. 

(-ARYA  MicnccAPPA.    FuUuUs  qiriiits  ad  scpknis,  ohlongo-lmccolatis  serratip. 

promisse  aeuminails  rjlahris  suit  as  (jlamhdosis ;    amends  glabris,  mice. 

subghthosa  subquadranguUda,  testa  tenai. 

:  C'lrga  mkrocarpa. — Xutt.,  Gen,  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  221.     Darlixgton, 

;    Flora  Cestrica.  [Ed.  alt.]  p.  545. 

Jtighns  conipressa.  a.  mkrocarpa. — MuiiL.,  Catal.,  p.  88.     Bart.,  Flor. 

I'liilad.,  vol.  ii.  p.  170. 
Juglaiis  alia  odurata.     Balsam  Hickory. — Marshall,  p.  68. 

Tins  species,  allietl  to  C  tomentosa,  or  the  Common  Hickory, 
becomes  a  fine,  lofty,  spreading  tree  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high, 
having  a  diameter  of  eighteen  inches  to  two  feet  or  more,  with 
an  even  bark.  I  first  observed  it  on  the  banks  of  the  Schnyl- 
kill,  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia;  and  my  friend  Dr.  Dar- 
lington remai'ks  that  it  is  frequent  in  moist  woodlands  in  the 
vicinity  of  West  Chester.  The  nut  is  of  the  same  form  nearly 
AS  that  of  G.  tomentosa,  of  a  pleasant  taste,  with  a  thin  shell, 
but  usually  snuxll,  not  much  exceeding  the  size  of  a  nutmeg.  It 
jrows,  I  believe,  also  in  Massachusetts,  where  I  have  seen  these 
peculiar  nuts.  The  wood  is  white  and  tough,  and  possessed  of 
ipost  of  the  good  qualities  which  reconnnend  the  ordinary 
jjickory.  This  species  is  remarkable  for  the  smoothness  of  its 
leaUets,  which,  in  that  respect,  approach  G.  (jiuhra  ov  the  Pig 
Nut,  but  ihey  are  everyway  larger  and  less  deeply  serrate; 
two  or  three  pairs  with  a  terminal  odd  one,  four  to  eight  or  nine 
inches  long  and  two  to  three  and  a  half  inches  wide,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  with  shallow  serrulations,  smooth  on  both  sides  when 
Iblly  expanded,  except  a  slight  tuft  in  the  axils  of  the  nerves 
Beneath;  the  under  surface  sprinkled  with  minute  resinous  par- 
ticles; the  lateral  leaflets  wubsessile  and  rather  obtuse  nt  base, 

fir) 


Ji    *(i 


I  ! 


5( 


:  1 


1^ 


56 


COMMON    HICKORY. 


the  terminal  one  with  a  short  petiole  and  attenuated  below. 
Amcnts  three  together,  upon  a  common  peduncle,  slender,  nearlv 
quite  smooth,  scales  trifid,  the  lateral  segments  ovate,  the  middle 
one  long  and  linear;  anthers  hairy,  mostly  fou''^  sometimes  three 
or  five.  Female  flowers  two  or  three  together,  sessile,  on  a 
common  peduncle;  segments  of  the  perianth  very  long  and 
somewhat  foliaceous.  Stigma  discoid,  four-lobed;  fruit  globoa*- 
ovoid,  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  the  pericarp 
thin,  with  the  sutures  rather  prominent.  Nut  somewhat  quad- 
rangular, with  the  shell  thin. 

By  the  leaves  it  .appears  to  be  allied  to  C.  glabra;  but  the  nut, 
on  a  small  scale,  is  that  of  G.  tomerdosa,  or  the  Common  Hickory. 

PLATE  XIII. 

A  small  branch,  reduced  about  one-third,    a.  Tlie  nut. 

Common  Hickory,  {Carya  tomentosa,  ji.  maxima.)  This  is  a 
remarkable  variety  for  the  great  size  of  its  fruit,  which  arc  as 
large  as  a  moderate  apple.  It  grows  a  few  miles  from  Phila- 
delphia. Mr.  Elliott  also  observed  it  on  the  sea-islands  of  South 
Carolina. 

Carya  glahra,  {Juglans  glabra,  J)u  Roi,  Harbk.,  vol.  i.  p.  33j. 
J.  porcina,  Micii.,  North.  Am.  Sylva.  vol.  i.  pi.  38.)  Of  this  tliore 
are  two  varieties,  one  with  globose  a) id  the  other  with  turbinate 
fruit :  intermediate  forms  are  also  met  with,  proving  them  to  be 
no  more  than  varieties. 

II.  Nats  even,  without  prominent  angles.      Leaflets  often  nmw- 

rous, — Pecans. 

Carya  angnstlJhUa.  Juglans  angmtifolla,  Ait.  Kew.,  vol.  iii 
p.  3G1.  /.  Pecan,  MuiiL.  in  Nov.  Act.  Soc.  Nat.  Scrut.  Berolin,, 
vol.  iii.  p.  392.     J.  oUoa'/ormis,  Willd.,  Sp.  PI.  4,  p.  457.    A  fnie. 


BLACK    WALNUT. 


67 


attenuated  below, 
cle,  slender,  nearly 
1  ovate,  the  niiddk' 
i'-^  sometimes  three 
ther,  sessile,  on  a 
th  very  long  mul 
bed;  fruit  gloljosf- 
leter;  the  pericarp 
ut  somewhat  quad- 

lahra;  but  the  nut, 
1  Common  Hickory, 


a.  The  nut. 

axlma.)     This  is  a 

fruit,  which  are  iis 

V  miles  from  Pliila- 

sea-islands  of  South 


:arbk.,  vol.  i.  p.  3oj, 
1.38.)  Of  this  there 
other  with  turbinate 
,  proving  them  to  be 


Leaflets  often  num(- 


Btatcly  tree,  formerly  cut  down  for  the  sake  of  obtaining  a  single 
crop  of  nuts;  remarkable  for  its  numerous  leaflets  and  their 
almost  falcate  form.  In  Massachusetts,  where  it  has  been  sub- 
mitted to  cultivation,  it  never  grows  beyond  the  size  of  a  shrub, 
being  every  year  more  or  less  cut  down  by  the  effects  of  the 
severe  frosts. 

Carya  Pecan.  Juglans  Pecan,  Walter.  J.  myristlcccformis? 
Micii.,  Sylva,  vol.  i.  pi.  39.  This  obscure  plant  of  Walter  may, 
perhaps,  be  nothing  more  than  C.  glabra.  Michaux's  plant  was 
unknown  to  Elliott. 

Carya  amara.     Juglans  amara,  Mich.,  Sylva,  vol.  i.  pi.  33. 

Observations.  According  to  an  experiment  published  in  the 
"  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Journal,"  the  sap  of  the  Butternut 
Tree  [Jnglans  clnerea)  is  capable  of  producing  as  much  sugar  as 
that  of  the  Maple.  Four  of  the  trees  yielded  in  one  day  nine 
quarts  of  sap,  which  produced  one  and  a  quarter  pounds  of 
sugar. 

The  Black  Walnut  {Juylans  niyra)  is  met  with  as  far  north 
as  Massachusetts,  particularly  in  the  w^estern  part  of  the  State, 
M  around  Northampton.  Mr.  Emerson  says,  "JuyhuLs  niyra  I 
have  found  repeatedly  as  far  north  as  Boston.  It  is  in  Middle- 
sex, Worcester,  and  Norfolk  counties,  Massachusetts." 

On  the  banks  of  the  Scioto,  in  Ohio,  I  have  seen  a  tree  of  six 
feet  in  diameter. 

IV. -4* 


la,  Ait.  Kew.,  vol.  iii 
,  Nat.  Scrut.  Berolin.. 
PI.  4,  p.  457.    A  line 


CANDLEBERRY    MYRTLE. 


Nahiral   Order,  Myrice/E,   (Richard.)      Linncm     Classification, 

DlCECIA,  TeTRANDRIA  to  OCTANDRIA 


MYRICA.     LiNX,,  (in  part.) 

Klowers  unisexual ;  those  of  the  two  sexes  upon  the  same  or  mmv 
commonly  upon  diftcrent  plants.  Male  flowers  in  cylindrical  scs<ik' 
catkins;  each  flower  with  four  to  eight  stamens,  with  the  filanieiit.-i 
elongated  and  more  or  less  united  at  the  hase  •  the  stamens  exsorted 
heyond  the  horders  of  the  dilated  short  scale,  many  stamens  in 
branching  clusters  nearly  without  scales  at  the  summit  of  the  catkin : 
hracteoles  7io}ie  in  either  sex.  Female  flowers  in  loose,  somctiiiK'> 
filiform  catkins,  with  many  of  the  lower  scales  abortive;  scak- 
1-flowered,  the  germ  naked.  Styles  two,  very  long,  linear,  ami 
acuminate;  ovary  villous.  Drupe  1-seeded,  spherical,  coated  witli 
a  grumose  waxy  pulp.  Nut  very  hard;  seed  erect;  embryo  witli- 
out  albumen,  the  radicle  superior.     Cotyledons  thick  and  oily. 

A  genus  wholly  distinct  from  Mjirka  Gale,  which  is  common  to 
Northern  Europe  and  North  America.  The  character  of  lunate  siali - 
given  to  Myrica  by  Linnajus  applies  only  to  the.  Gale,  which  tin  ro- 
fore  constitutes  a  genus  bj'  that  name.  The  rest  of  our  spoiio- 
belong  to  Myrica.  In  the  Gale,  the  fruit  is  a  small,  ovate,  dry  nut. 
with  an  indurated  bracte  on  either  side  of  it,  giving  it  the  appearaiuv 
of  being  3-lobcd. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  few,  natives  of  the  warmer  ami 
colder  zones  of  both  hemispheres,  growing  generally  near  the  sea- 
coast,  and  are  chiefly  shrubs,  with  alternate,  persistent,  or  annual 

simple  leaves,  usually  more  or  less  serrated  or  pinnatitid,  and  In' 
58 


II' 


RTLE. 


m-     Classification, 


the  same  or  moiv 
n  cylindi'U'al  si's^ilc 
,  with  the  iiUinieiits 
lie  stamens  exscrtcil 
I,  many  stamens  in 
mmit  of  the  catkin ; 
in  loose,  sometiiiies 
es  abortive ;  scak's 
•y  long,  linear,  ami 
herical,  coated  with 
srect;  embryo  witli- 

thick  and  oily. 

hich  is  common  to 
iicter  of  lunate  sijulos 
Gale,  which  there- 
rest  of  our  specie? 
mall,  ovate,  dry  nut. 
iig  it  the  appearaiuv 

of  the  warmer  ami 
erally  near  the  sea- 
ersistent,  or  annual 
•  pinnatitid,  and  be- 


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Mr 


INODOROUS    CANDLE    TRER. 


69 


Bpriiikled  with  aromatic  resinous  scales,  as  arc  also  the  scales  of  the 
buds.  Catkins  axil  y,  expanding  early  in  the  year.  There  are 
ecveral  species  in  Nepaul  in  India,  and  at  the  Cape  of  Oood  Hope. 
Tlio  31.  Fai/a,  with  a  4-celled  drupe,  and  about  ten  stamens  in  loose 
catkins,  will,  no  doubt,  constitute  a  diftercut  genus,  uliich  I  propuso 
to  call  Faya  Azorica. 


INODOROUS  CANDLE  TREE. 

Myrica  inodora.  Arborea,  foliis  hnceolato-dUpiicis  integris  nhtusis  mar- 
gine  rcxolulis  hosi  cuneaiis  siibiiis  vix  sqmmosis  pkrisque  nudis,  baccis 
majiisculis  aib>ais. 

Myrica  inodora,  Bartram's  Travels  in  Florida,  &c.,  p.  405^ 

Myrica  obovata,  Chapman,  MSS. 

IS  In  the  month  of  March,  1830,  on  the  borders  of  the  Escambia, 
in  West  Florida,  I  had  the  fortune  to  rediscover  this  fine 
species  of  Myrica,  so  long  since  described  by  the  amiable  and 
excellent  Wm.  Bartram,  near  Taensa  Bluff,  on  the  Mobile  River, 
where  he  remarks,  August  5,  1776,  "In  my  excursions  about 
^is  place,  I  observed  many  curious  vegetable  productions, 
j^articularly  a  species  of  Myrica,  {Mi/rlca  inodora.)  This  very 
beautiful  evergreen  shrub,  which  the  French  inhabitants  call 
the  Wax  Tree,  grows  in  wet,  sandy  ground,  about  the  edges  of 
flwamps;  it  rises  erect  nine  or  ten  feet,  dividing  itself  into  a 
multitude  of  nearly  erect  branches,  which  are  garnished  with 
many  shining  deep-green  entire  leaves  of  a  lanceolate  figure. 
The  branches  produce  abundance  of  large  round  berrits,  which 
are  covered  with  a  scale  or  coat  of  white  wax :  no  part  of  this 
plant  possesses  any  degree  of  fragrance.  It  is  in  high  estima- 
tion with  the  inhabitants  for  the  production  of  wax  for  candles. 
|br  which  purpose  it  answers  equally  well  with  beeswax,  or 


I 
ill  I 

'li 


il  J 


t 


N 


/  I 


H 


iM^i 


IH 


1 

j 
i   !■ 

It' 

i      i 


1. 1  1 


1 1 

I 

'Il 


11! 


,  I. 


60 


INODOROUS    CANDLE    TREE. 


preforjiblc,  as  it  is  harder  and  more  lasting  in  burning." — Bar- 
tram's  Tninh,  p.  405-40G. 

AVc  found  it  exactly  in  similar  situations  as  those  described 
by  Bartrani ;  and  it  has  also  been  found  in  Alabama  by  Dr.  Juet, 
from  whom  I  have  been  favored  with  specimens.  It  may  with 
propriety  be  called  a  tree,  though  never  so  large  a  one  as  the 
Myiica  Fajja,  or  Fayal  Myrtle.  The  ^^sm  sometimes  attains 
the  thickness  of  a  man's  arm,  and,  like  the  rest  of  the  genus,  it 
is  grejiarious  and  forms  stout  thickets  on  the  margins  of  small 
streams  and  swamps.  The  berries  are  twice  as  large  as  those 
of  the  common  Wax  Myrtle.  Though  the  leaves  have  no  per- 
ceptible scent,  they  are  not  .alwaj's  entirely  without  the  usual 
scaly  resinous  glands;  they  h.ive  no  serrsitures,  and  arc  a])out 
thiTe  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long  by  one  to  one  and  a  liiilf 
wide.  The  bark  is  of  a  gray  color,  inclining  to  brown.  The 
male  catkins  are  unusually  large,  as  well  as  the  berries,  and  tlic 
leaves,  when  old,  are  as  stiff  as  in  the  laurel.  The  stamens 
beneath  each  scale  of  the  ament  are  eight,  with  distinct 
filaments  and  monadelphous  at  base;  the  summit  o<  the  catkin 
is  neai'ly  without  scales,  and  terminates  in  monadelphous 
branchlets  of  stamens,  each  bearing  three  or  four  anthers.  Tlio 
female  catkin  is  loose,  and  the  lower  scales  empty;  the  germ  is 
pilose.  The  wood  appears  compact,  fine-grained,  and  nenri} 
white.  The  candles  formed  of  the  myrtle  wax  burn  long,  }i(iil 
a  grateful  smell,  and  are  destitute  of  the  disagreeal)le  scent  pm- 
du(!ed  on  extinguishing  tallow  candles.  In  Carolina,  a  kind  ol' 
sealing  wax  has  been  made  of  it,  and  the  root  has  Ihtii 
accounted  a  specific  in  toothache.  In  Prussia  it  has  been  culti- 
vated for  the  wax. 

The  Fayal  Myrtle  {M.  Fiv/n)  is  in  Fayal  the  principal 
article  of  fuel;  it  there  ;>ttains  the  ordinary  height  of  a  peach- 
tree,  with    a    more   erect    stem:    it   produces    a   cousidernblc 


REE. 

1  burning." — Bar- 

as  those  described 
ibania  by  Dr.  Jui't, 
ens.     It  may  with 
lai'ge  a  one  as  tlie 
sometimes  attains 
est  of  the  genus,  it 
e  margins  of  smuU 
e  as  large  as  those 
eaves  have  no  per- 
without  the  usual 
ires,  and  are  al)out 
I  to  one  and  a  half 
g  to  brown.     The 
the  berries,  and  the 
u-el.     The  stamens 
ight,   with    distinct 
immit  oC  the  catkin 
in    monadelphons 
four  anthers.     The 
empty;  the  germ  is 
grained,  and  nearly 
vax  burn  long,  yifhl 
^agreeable  scent  pro- 
Carolina,  a  kind  of 
the   root   has   been 
sia  it  has  been  culti- 


INODOROUS    CANDLE    TREE. 


61 


quantity  of  compact,  reddish  wood.  It  is  also  cultivated  in  rows 
between  and  around  the  orange  trees  for  the  purpose  of  shelter 
from  the  cutting  sea-breezes,  which  would  otherwise  abridge 
their  height  and  retard  their  growth.  All  the  gardens  of  tlio 
island  require  the  same  shelter  for  which  the  evergreen  Faya  is 
BO  well  calculated,  being  perfectly  hardy  and  indigenous  to  the 
Azores. 

PLATE  XIV. 

A  branch  of  (he  natural  size,    a.   The  berry. 


Fayal  the  principiil 
y  height  of  a  peiuli- 
uces    a   consideraljle 


■sit 


■  1   I 


!  ,   I 


I'M    I 


lU 


l-i  I 


PLANE     TREE. 


Natural   Order,  Platane^e.     Liiuxvan   Glasdjicatwn,  Moncecia, 

POLYANDKIA. 

PLATANUS.*    (TouiiNEFORT.) 

Flowers  of  one  sex,  those  of  the  two  kinds  situated  upon  the  sani.' 
phiiit,  and  each  of  them  disposed  in  spherical  aments  on  penduloib 
stalks,  produeing  from  two  to  live  upon  each.  Male  flowois 
formed  of  minute  thickish  brnctcs;  the  lilaments  very  short,  situ- 
ated between  the  liractos.  Anthers  2-celled,  attached  to  a  coinioc- 
tivum  broader  than  the  tilament,  with  a  peltate  summit.  I'emai.i;. 
Pistils,  numerous,  in  pairs.  Ocarij  uf  1-eell,  including  one  to  two 
pendulous  ovules.  t'Sliyinas  2,  long  and  liliform.  Fruit,  a  cMriicl 
seated  in  a  tuft  of  articulated  hairs,  including  one  pcnduluib 
oblong  seed,  destitute  of  albumen. 

Lofty,  dociduouH-loaved  trecH,  with  widoly-.s[)reading  branchos 
and  a  dense,  broad  roliage  having  a  pi'ntangular  outliiu'. 
Natives  of  Euro^R',  Asia,  Northern  Africa,  and  the  tcnipcratt 
parts  of  North  America.  The  spi'cies  about  three.  Leaves 
alternate,  palnuite;  the  bud  concealed  beneath  a  conical  envcl(i[i 
and  innnersed  in  tlie  base  of  the  petiole.  The  young  shodts 
and  leaves  covered  with  a  deciduous  (h)wn.  The  old  bark  at 
length  sciding  ofl'  in  extensive  patches,  leaving  the  triuik 
smooth. 


*  The  Uiimi!  \»  from  the  Orcck  word  plnti/t,  brond,  in  (illusion  to  iu  widp-Rprcul 
leave:"  iiiid  lirniichcs 
«i2 


;  I 


E. 


atim,  MoNCECiA, 


1(1  upon  the.  sunu' 
cuts  on  pcnilulou.- 
I.  Male  flowois 
ts  very  short,  situ- 
icliod  to  a  coiiiioe- 
nimniit.  Fkmai.I::. 
hiding  one  to  t\To 
I.  Fruit,  a  oui'in'l 
ig  one   pciK-hilou^ 


(reading  branolioi' 
aiigiihir  outliiK'. 
id  the  tenipt'nitc 
t  throe.  Loaves 
a  conical  envi'lop 
.'he  young  shoots 
The  old  bark  at 
aving   the   trunk 


a 


ision  to  its  widc-pproad 


'fH'iiiiiiipi 


:  I'l.xv 


I  ij 


i  ! 


I!' 


Hi 


I'llllidlllM  I'lit'tMriow'.l 


(■r/t/iifri'ii    /UiltiiHutioi/ 


I'/lifllllf  il     (>l/lfiTHI)' 


?<^»gBagjWM»|M«lp.i»J»>: 


CALIFORNIA  BUTTONWOOD,or  PLANE. 


Plataxus  racemosus.  Foliis  qainqudoho-palmatis  hasi  tmncatis  submiu- 
alls  sulitu.s  liutwi'mosU  imlUdls,  lanclms  lanccohttis  acuminatis  wicf/ris, 
stipulis  (unjulalis  fnidilma  racaaosis.—SimiKL\.,  Mss.  in  Audubon's 
Birds  of  America,  tab.  362. 

Tins  rcmarkiil)ly  distinct  species  of  Platanus  is  a  native  of 
Upper  California,  in  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Barbara,  where  it 
puts  on  very  nuich  the  appearance  of  our  common  Buttonwood, 
(P/akouifi  OcciiJcnfaJis.)  As  for  as  I  yet  know,  it  is  the  only 
species  on  the  western  coast  of  America.  It  grows  probably 
farther  north,  l)ut  I  did  not  meet  with  it  in  the  territory  of 
Orejion.  It  does  not  appear  in  this  unfriendly  climate  to  arrive 
at  the  gigantic  magnitude  of  its  Eastern  prototype,  though  it 
equally  affects  rich  bottom-lands  and  the  borders  of  streams; 
but  the  scarcity  of  rain,  in  this  climate,  which  h.ad  not  for  three 
years  been  sufficient  to  encourage  the  raising  of  crops,  and  the 
consequent  disappearance  of  water  in  most  of  the  brooks, 
prevented,  no  doubt,  this  subaquatic  tree  from  assuming  its 
proper  character  in  a  more  favorable  fsoil.  At  first  view  it 
would  be  taken  for  the  ordinary  species,  spreading  out  the 
same  serpentine  picturesque  limbs,  occasionally  denuded  of 
their  old  coat  of  bark,  and  producing  the  same  wide  and  gigan- 
tic trunk ;  but  a  glance  at  the  leaves,  no  less  than  the  fruit,  would 
remind  the  Eastern  traveller  that  he  sojourned  in  a  new  region 
of  vegetation,  and  objects  apparently  the  most  familiar  he  met 
around  him,  associate  them  as  he  would,  were  still  wholly 
strangers. 

T!ie  leaves  not  fully  expanded  were  about  four  inches  wide 
and  the  same  in  length,  divided  more  than  half-way  dcjwn  into 
five  sharp-pointed,  lanceolate  portions,  of  which  the  two  lower 
are  the  smallest:  all  the  divisions  are  quite  entire;  two  of  them 

m 


4 


64 


ORIENTAL    PLANE    TREE. 


'li ' 


: 


;.  i 


:n 


in  small  Iccavos  are  suppressed,  thus  producing  a  leaf  oi  onlv 
three  parts.  Above,  as  usual,  the  surface  is  at  first  clad  with  a 
yellowish  copious  down  forraea  of  ramified  hairs,  which  quicklv 
falls  off  and  spreads  itself  in  the  atmosphere.  The  under  sin- 
face  of  the  leaves  are,  however,  always  copiously  clad  with  a 
coat  of  whitish  wool,  which  remains.  The  young  leaves,  chid 
in  their  brown  pilose  clothing,  have  a  very  uncommon  appear- 
ance, and  feel  exactly  like  a  piece  of  stout,  thick  woollen  cloth, 
The  branchlets,  petioles,  and  peduncles  are  equally  villous.  The 
male  catkins  are  small,  less  in  size  than  peas,  full  of  long-luiiied 
scales,  and  with  unusually  small  anthers.  The  female  catkins 
are  in  racemes  of  three  to  five  in  number,  with  remarkably  loni; 
styles,  being  between  two  and  three-tenths  of  an  inch  in  length, 
and  persistent  on  the  ripe  balls.  The  raceme  with  the  full- 
grown  balls  measures  nine  inches.  The  tree  has,  therefore,  a 
very  unusual  appearance,  filled  with  these  very  long  pendulous 
racemes,  each  bearing  from  three  to  four  or  even  five  balls,  at 
tl>e  distance  of  about  an  inch  from  each  other.  The  stigmas 
are  at  first  of  a  deep  and  bright  brown. 

The  wood  of  this  species,  as  far  as  I  could  learn  from  the 
American  residents  at  Santa  Barbara,  is  far  preferable  to  that 
of  the  common  Button  wood,  being  much  harder,  more  durabk'. 
less  liable  to  warp,  and  capable  of  receiving  a  good  polish :  li  \' 
of  a  pale  yellowish  color,  like  the  young  wood  of  the  Oriental 
Plane,  and  bears  some  resemblance  to  beech  wood  in  its  texture. 
In  the  radiation  of  its  medullary  vessels,  it  resembles  the  woixl 
of  the  common  species. 


PLATE  XV. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  carpel. 


The  Oriental  Plane   {Platanus  Orientalis)   deserves  to  bo 
planted  in  the  United  States  as  an  ornamental  tree.     It  grow> 


EE. 

iig  a  leaf  of  only 
t  first  clad  with  a 
irs,  which  quickly 
.     The  under  sur- 
ously  clad  with  n 
^^oung  leaves,  clad 
mcommon  appear- 
lick  woollen  clotli, 
lally  villous.    The 
full  of  long-haired 
^he  female  catkins 
;h  remarkably  long 
an  inch  in  length. 
erne  with  the  full- 
ee  has,  therefore,  a 
ery  long  pendulous 
even  five  balls,  at 
ther. 


ORIENTAL     PLANE    TREE. 


65 


The  stigmas 


aid  learn  from  the 
•  preferable  to  that 
xder,  more  durahk'. 
a  good  polish :  ii  ;■ 
ood  of  the  Oriental 
wood  in  its  texture, 
resembles  the  wooil 


he  carpel. 


ills)   deserves  to  be 
ntal  tree.     It  grows 


to  the  height  of  from  seventy  to  ninety  feet,  with  widely-.spread- 
.  ing  branches  and  a  massive  trunk,  forming  altogether  a  mil- 
jestic  object.  The  leaves  are  more  deeply  divided  and  indented 
than  in  our  common  species.  A  native  of  the  East,  where 
shady  trees  are  not  so  abunda'it  as  in  North  America,  it  was 
celebrated  in  the  earliest  records  of  Grecian  history.  Xerxes, 
it  seeins,  (according  to  Herod  )tus,)  was  so  fascinated  with  a 
beautiful  Plane  Tree  which  he  found  growing  in  Lycia,  that 
he  encircled  it  with  a  ring  of  gold,  and  confided  the  charge  of 
it  to  one  of  the  Ten  Thousand.  He  passed  an  entire  day 
under  its  shade,  encamping  with  his  whole  army  in  its  vicinity ; 
and  the  delay  so  occasioned  was  believed  to  be  one  of  the  causes 
of  his  defeat.  Pausanius  (a.d.  170)  mentions  a  Plane  Tree  of 
extraordinaiy  size  and  beauty  in  Arcadia,  which  was  said  to 
have  boon  planted  by  Menelaus,  the  husband  of  Helen,  and  to 
have  been,  at  the  time  he  saw  it,  loOO  years  old. 

Plane  Trees  were  planted  near  all  the  public  schools  in 
Athens.  The  groves  of  Epicurus,  in  which  Aristotle  taught 
his  peripatetic  disciples,  the  shady  walks  planted  near  the 
Gymnasia  and  other  public  buildings  of  Athens,  and  the 
groves  of  Academus,  in  which  Plato  delivered  his  celebrated 
discourses,  were  -dl  formed  of  this  tree. 

The  remarkable  Plane  Tree  at  Buyukdere,  or  the  Great 
Valley,  mentioned  by  Olivier,  the  naturalist,  and  after  him  by 
Pouc(pieville,  Hobliouse,  and  -.arious  other  writer.s,  has  a  trunk 
that  presents  the  appearance  of  seven  or  eight  trees  having  a 
common  origin,  which  Olivier  sujjposes  to  be  the  stool  of  a 
decayed  tree,  and  which  were  all  connected  at  their  liase.  Dr. 
Walsh,  who  measured  the  tree  iu  18.31,  found  the  trunk  one 
hundred  and  forty-one  feet  in  ci-  umference  at  the  base,  and 
itB  branches  covered  a  space  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  in 
diameter.  The  trunk  divides  into  fourteen  branches,  some  of 
which  issue  from  below  the  pres.Mit  surface  of  tlie  soil,  and 
Bomedo  not  divide  till  they  ris(>  .s.-ven  or  eight  feet  above  it- 


Vol,.  IV. 


I;!' 


m 


II  n 


1 1' 

i  '■' 


ill! : 


G6 


ORIENTAL     PLANE    TREE. 


one  of  the  largest  is  hollowed  out  by  fire,  and  affords  a  cabin 
to  shelter  a  husljandman.  The  ti'ce,  if  it  can  be  considered  a 
single  plant,  is  certainly  the  largest  in  the  world.  But  wlmt 
renders  it  an  object  of  more  than  usual  interest  is,  that  M.  Dc- 
candolle  conjectures  it  must  be  more  than  2000  years  old. 

The  wood  of  the  Oriental  Plane,  in  the  Levant  and  in  Asia. 
is  used  in  cai'pentx'y,  joinoxy,  and  cabinet-making.  It  is  said 
to  make  beautiful  furniture,  on  account  of  the  smoothness  of 
its  grain  and  its  susceptibility  of  receiving  a  high  polish. 

Concerning  our  common  Plane  Tree  or  Button  wood,  (Plata- 
nns  OccldentaUs,)  Dr.  Darlington  remarks,  in  his  "  Flora  Cos- 
trica,"  page  542,  "  It  makes  a  noble  shade  in  front  of  hoiisfs 
where  it  has  room  to  develop  itself:"'  and  he  further  reuiiuks, 
that  "  the  wood  is  not  much  esteemed,  but  is  occasiouiilly 
sawed  into  joists  and  other  lumber."  It  is  beginning  to  be  con- 
siderably planted  as  a  shade-tree  on  the  side-walks  of  the  streets 
in  several  of  the  Large  towns  of  the  United  States,  and,  being 
seldom  attacked  by  insects,  and  rarely  elevating  the  paveinent?, 
it  is  exceedingly  well  calculated  for  this  useful  purpose  in  a 
climate  subject  to  such  ardent  summer  heats ;  but,  if  the  Orien- 
tal Plane  would  answer  the  same  purpose,  and  it  is  easily  piu- 
pagated,  we  should  not  only  possess  an  ornamental  but  also  a 
useful  tree,  as  it  regards  the  wood.  The  finest  specimens  u! 
trees  of  this  species,  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  are  those 
rouiid  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  which  were  planted  about 
the  year  1760, 


IE. 

1  affords  a  cabin 
I  be  considerod  u 
'orld.     But  wli:it 
;st  is,  that  M.  De- 
3  years  old. 
vant  and  in  Asin. 
iking.     It  is  siiiil 
he  smoothness  ut' 
igh  polish. 

attonwood,  [Plain- 
1  his  "  Flora  Cos- 
in  front  of  houses 
i  further  reniurks 
lUt  is   occasion  iilly 
cginning  to  bu  con- 
A^alks  of  the  stroi't^ 
States,  and,  hmv: 
ing  the  pavement?, 
seful  purpose  in  a 
;   but,  if  the  Orieu- 
and  it  is  easily  pio- 
amental  but  alsoii 
inest  specimens  of 
adelphia,  are  tlu« 
vere  planted  about 


POPLARS. 


Naiund    Order,    Amentace^,    (Juss.)       Suhwder,    Salicine^. 
Linncean  Class  and  Order,  DiffiCiA,  Octandria. 

}  roruLUS.*  (Linn.) 

Difficious.  Aments  cylindric,  witli  the  scales  deeply  cleft.  Perianth 
Clip-shaped,  oblique,  and  entire.  Stamens  about  eight,  (or  from 
tliirtv  to  one  hundred  or  more,)  inserted  on  the  scale  or  perianth. 
Fkutile  florets  with  the  scales  and  perianth  as  in  the  male. 
Sli</mas  three   or  four.     Capsule   1-celled,    2    to  4-valved.      Seedi 

■   numerous,  comose,  with  long,  soft  hairs  like  wool. 

Trees  of  the  temperate  and  colder  parts  of  Europe  and  Forth 
America,  with  one  species  in  Asia.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  round- 
ish, or  deltoidly  cordate,  the  petiole,  for  the  most  part,  vertically 
comjiroGsed  toward  the  summit,  and  often  glandular  at  the  base ;  the 
flowers  (as  in  the  Willows,  to  which  they  are  intimately  allied)  ap- 
pearing before  the  leaves. 

The  Poplars  are  divisible  into  two  sections  or  subgenera. 

§  1.  Those  properly  so  called,  with  about  eight  stamens,  and, 
UBually,  iiliform  stigmas. 

§  2.  Those  with  from  thirty  to  one  hundred  or  more  stamens,  and 
with  broad,  dilated,  reniform  stigmas.  Potameria.  These  are  mostly 
large  trees,  which  affect  the  baidcs  of  rivers,  and  includes  Pnpulus 
IcBvi'/'ita,  (P.  Canadensis,  ^licii.  fil.,)  P.  anpulata,  P.  monilifcra,  P.  hete- 
ropli//lla,  (P.  argentca,  Micii.  til.,)  and  prol)ably  P.  candicans,  P.  bal- 
aa)i)ifera,  and  our  P.  an<justifolia. 


*  An  old  Latia  name  of  uncertain  derivation. 


67 


IV, 


i     ''i 


■      ::i' 


11  ii 


!;! 


; 


■; 


ill'  -, 


ill 


NARROW-LEAVED  BALSAM  POPLAR. 

PoPl'M'S    AXGUSTIl'Ol.IA.     Fo'iis  'jrdlc-h'i'iccitlnti.'i   Jinx'ciif'i/lsrr  ai'iiti.-:.  ,./;. 

fcriu:    altriiiKitis    pcimmcvriis    conrolorihin^    (/f(ihri<'    (ii/pir.'<so-scrriifi: 

rnmiilis  Uirlilnifi  r/lahris,  f/rnvni.'^  ?v',s'/>ry,«/.s'. 
/■•.  mu/Kstifo/in,  ToisuEV,  Lvcoum  Xat.  ]Iist.  N.  York,  vol.  ii.  p.  24'.t. 
Narruw-leavcd  Coilonicood,  of  Lewis  and  Clahke, 

As  wo  a«(X'nde(l  the  banks  of  the  rivor  Platte,  in  our  cx- 
tonded  jounioy  to  the  West,  rtl)out  Laramie's  Fork,  a  nortlicni 
branch  of  that  extensive  stream,  -we  observed  scarcely  uiiv 
other  tree  along  the  alluvial  plains  but  the  present  and  tlu' 
Cottonwood ;  and  those  were  chiellj'  confined  to  the  islands.  ,i 
circumstance  accounted  for  by  the  annual  burning  of  the  ])riii- 
ries,  which  wholly  strips  the  streams  of  their  nnirgin  of  foivst. 
so  that  we  behold,  I'ar  and  wide,  nothing  but  a  vast  plain,  a  sea 
of  grass  undulating  before  the  breeze;  and  the  illusion  ap[)t'iu's 
more  sensible  by  the  fact  that  the  only  variation  to  the  sceiiu 
is  produced  by  the  scattered  islands  of  the  lofty  Poplar,  whicli 
gives  life  and  variety  to  the  wild  and  boundless  landscape. 

The  height  of  this  species,  which  so  nearly  resembles  tliu 
Balsam  Poplar,  may  be  about  sixty  to  one  hundred  feet,  haviiii; 
a  trunk  f)f  proportionate  diameter,  clad,  like  the  Cottonwood. 

with  a  rough,  grayi.sh  bark.     Although  a  brittle  and  poor  w 1 

for  almost  every  purpose,  it  will,  like  the  Cottonwood  of  tlic 
Mississippi,  [Popidiis  an(/nlaf.a,)  become,  of  necessity',  imi)ortant 
for  fence  and  fuel,  whenever  this  country  shall  become  settKd. 
as  scarcely  any  other  timber  exists  in  sufficient  quantity  ii>r 
economical  purposes.  When  dry,  it  burns  well,  but  is  quickly 
reduced  to  ashes. 

Whatever  may  be  the  immediate  uses  of  the  Narrow-leaved 
Poplar,  we  must  say  that,  in  a  country  so  exposed  and  arid  as 

the   Rocky  Mountain  region,  we  fill    jiiid'Cul   for  (he  shade  aiul 

(is 


"''"^^ 


POPLAR. 


•':Jt 


•inldlisrc    ai'llfis.    M/. 

(    (i(/pirsso-ficrnili.'; 
V,  vol.  ii.  p.  iVX 


latte,  in  our  ex- 
Fork,  11  nortlicni 
x'd    scarcely  uiiv 

present  and  tlu' 

to  the  islands,  n 
•ning  of  the  i)nii- 

margin  of  forest. 
I  vast  plain,  a  sea 
e  illusion  appears 
ition  to  the  seeiu' 
»fty  Pojdar,  whieli 
ss  hmdscape. 
rly  resembles  tlie 
idred  feet,  haviii': 
■  the  Cotton \v()(  1(1. 
tie  and  poor  woml 
Cottonwood  of  tlic 
'cessity,  important 
,11  become  settled. 
oient  quantity  tin' 
ell,  but  is  quickly 


n 


the  Navrow-leaveil 

posed  and  arid  :i> 

lur  the  shade  ami 


^-.toi: 


I   ! 


:.    |: 


r,         'I 


ifli    n 


^^v?^^!^^ 


II 


ili! 


I,  .1 


I  ti 


n  XVI 


rupuluN  AhdUNlit'oliii 

ftUfilin-hitiiniifrii  fr4ti^U*  rtittit*g  X.irivi,  /nnfit  /lit/'-nm.  /!</.</ 


rfTT 


'! 


P! 


■'■<  H''! 


'J  :       ':! 


r: 


II 


k 


;  I  v! 


X  ARROW-LEAVED    BALSAM     Pi    TLA  R. 


69 


shelter  it  so  often  exclusively  afforded  us,  with  the  exception  of 
a  few  insignificant  Willows,  that  frequently  associate  with  it. 
In  short,  we  rarely  lost  sight  of  this  tree,  which  accompanied  us 
to  the  northern  sources  of  the  Platte,  presented  itself,  as  usual, 
on  the  alluvial  banks  of  the  Colorado  of  the  West,  along  Lewis 
Ri\er,  of  the  Shoshonee,  the  banks  of  the  Oregon  from  the 
Walla- Walla  to  its  estuary,  attaining  along  the  banks  of  this 
noble  stream,  and  its  southern  tributary  the  Wahhimet,  an 
augniention  so  great  as  to  vie  in  magnitude  with  the  tall  Cotton- 
wood of  the  Mississippi,  and  to  pass  amidst  the  mighty  forests 
of  the  West  as  one  of  the  largest  deciduous-leaved  trees  of  the 
country.  We  find  this  species  of  Poplar  also  on  the  banks  of 
the  Missouri,  on  the  upper  part  of  the  river,  from  whence  it 
continues  uninterrui)todly  to  the  valleys  of  the  Rocky  Moun 
tains.  In  the  severity  of  winter,  the  boughs  are  collected  by 
the  alxnigines  to  support  their  horses;  the  beaver  likewise  feeds 
upon  them  by  choice. 

Early  in  the  spring  the  balsamic  odor  of  its  resinous  buds 
may  be  perceived  far  and  wide,  and  the  shade  of  its  tall,  round, 
and  si)reading  siunmit  invited  hosts  of  birds  to  its  branches, 
particularly  the  large  and  fine  Band-tailed  Pigeon,  which  feeds 
with  avidity  on  its  seed-buds  in  the  spring,  aflbrding  them  an 
abundant  article  of  food. 

The  lessor  brandies  are  rather  tough  than  brittle,  covered 
with  a  smooth,  yellowish  bark.  The  leaves  vary  on  the  s-mmio 
braiu'h,  in  this  ivs[)ect,  that  the  earliest  brought  out  are  the 
videst;  these  are  generally  ovate  and  acute,  (not  acuminated  as 
in  the  Balsam  Poplar,)  rounded  below;  afterward  come  out  a 
Bet  of  lauceolatc  leaves,  nnudi  longer  than  the  others,  often 
three  inrhes  by  only  one  inch  wide:  these  are  acute  at  both 
ends:  and  would  pass  very  well  for  those  of  a  Willow;  they  are 
all  miirgiued  with  fine,  bluntish,  appressed  serratures,  and 
beneath  they  are  nearly  the  snme  color  as  sibovt".  The  foot- 
f»talks  of  the  leaves  or  petioles  are  about  fhree-cpiarters  to  lUl 


m 


70 


COTTON  W  0  0  D— A  M  E  R  I  C  A  N     A  S  T  E  N. 


■  ;  M 


M    ' 


inch  in  length.  Tiio  nerves  tire  all  I'tiint  beneath  and  peuiiiiti.', 
with  no  appearance  of  being  3-nerved  at  the  ba.se;  the  niiiulxi 
of  these  nerves  or  lateral  vessels  are  twelve  to  fifteen  on  a  sido, 
at  least  double  the  number  they  are  in  the  Balsam  Poplar. 
The  rachis  of  the  female  nment  i.s  smooth,  the  germs  much  cor- 
rugated in  drying,  and  the  scidy  cup  of  the  germ  very  sliallow. 
not  more  than  half  the  size  of  that  of  the  species  to  which  it  is 
so  closely  allied.  Upon  the  whole  comparison,  we  are  satislieil 
that  this  is  as  distinct  a  species  as  any  in  the  genus.  In  the 
Flora  Kossica,  vol.  i.  p.  67,  t.  41.  II.,  a  leaf  is  given  as  a  viuioty 
of  the  Balsam  Poplar  from  Altai,  very  similar  to  our  present 
species. 

PLATE   XVI. 

A  h''i))('h  iif  the  natiirnl  size,     a.   The  capmle. 


!  •  !' 


;      \ 


Cottonwood,  Populus  l.kvigata,  WdJd.  {P.  Canmhnsis,  Micii,, 
Sylva,  vol.  ii.  pi.  05.) 

This  species,  more  hardy  than  the  Mississippi  Cottonwood,  is 
found  on  the  banks  of  most  of  the  Western  rivers  for  a  considii- 
able  distance  toward  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  al)undiuit  mi 
the  borders  of  the  Arkansas,  but  is  nowhere  met  with  in  Oregon 
Territory. 


I  ■; 


'■ 


Balsam  Poim.ah,  {Bi/mhifi  hdlmnu'/cni.)  In  Flora  iPow/Vn, 
vol.  i.  pp.  07  and  41,  is  given  a  figure  of  a  Poplar  from  Diiouri:!. 
called  the  Balsam  Poi)lar,  whitdi  does  not  appear  to  be  our 
])lant.  The  leaves  are  wider,  with  sborter  petioles.  This  spi- 
cies  stretches  into  Eastern  Siberia,  along  the  river-banks,  to  the 
peninsula  of  Kamtschatka. 


Amkhican  Asi'kn,  {Bti>iihin  frrmuhinhN,  MiciL,  FI.  Bor.  Am. 
vol.  ii.ji.  24.').    I*,  (rc/ilifd.  Willi). )    This  elegant  species,  of  wliicli 


IMi 


.  S  P  E  N. 


WHITE     roPLAR. 


71 


th  and  poiinati', 
Lso;  tlio  UUUllxT 
fii'teeii  on  a  hfidc, 

Bal!>am  Poplar. 
^erms  nnicli  eor- 

ni  very  sliallow. 
OS  to  which  it  is 

we  are  satisliuil 

genns.     In  the 

iven  as  a  variety 

ir  to  our  prL'.soni 


ipsule. 


^anaJensis,  Micii., 

ipi  Cottonwood,  is 
ers  for  a  considor- 
It  is  abuii(hiiit  on 
let  with  in  ()n';:im 


the  leaves,  like  tho  European  Aspen,  tremble  and  vibrate  in  the 
faintest  breeze,  is  met  with  west  of  the  Mississippi,  in  scatter- 
ing groups,  chiefly  in  the  ravines  of  the  mountains,  where 
springs  issue  out,  and  in  narrow  valleys,  where  considerable 
gr*)ui)s  of  this  tree  may  be  seen,  into  the  centre  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  chain;  but  they  here  attain  a  very  inconsiderable 
magnitude,  being  seldom  thicker  than  a  man's  arm. 

WuiTE  Poi'LAH,  {P.  alia,)  now  commonly  cultivated  with  us 
for  ornament,  soon  attains  the  magnitude  of  an  Oak.  This 
wood,  remarkable  for  its  whiteness,  is  generally  used  in  the 
South  of  Fi-iiiice  for  wainscoting  and  flooring  houses,  and  in 
Engl.ind  it  is  oniplo^^ed  by  turners  for  a  host  of  small  articles 
and  utensils  of  housekeeping. 

The  wood  of  various  species  of  Poplar  has  been  employed  for 
dyeing:  that  of  the  Lombardy  or  Italian  Poplar  boiled  in  water 
with  wool  communicates  a  very  permanent  golden-yellow  color; 
other  species,  as  the  Black,  Virginia  Poplar,  and  Cottonwood, 
give,  according  to  the  length  of  time  employed  and  tlie  quantity 
of  the  wood  boiled,  various  shades  of  color,  as  that  of  nankeen, 
muse,  the  color  of  the  Vicunga,  with  other  shades,  and  answer 
coi'veniently  for  the  ground  of  other  colors. 


In  Flora  Bussirn. 
plar  from  Daonriii. 
appear  to  be  our 
letioles.  This  s|ii- 
river-banks,  to  tlu' 


icii.,  Fl.  Ror.  Am. 
it  species,  of  whidi 


"wmm 


WILLOWS. 


I     |''i 


1  !; 


Natural    Order,  Amextaceje,   (Jussieu.)      SuJiorder,  Salicinei, 
Limiceau  Clas^ijicatlov,  DuKCiA,  Diandkia,  &c. 

SALIX.*      (TOUUXKFOIIT,  LiXN.) 

The  flowers  are  DUT.ciouBf  or  very  rarely  Jtox(KCious,  tlisposed  in  ovdid 
or  eyliiidrie  catkins,  eoiiiposcd  of  niulivlded  scales,  which  arc  ini- 
bricated  over  each  otaer,  and  each  witli  the  pistils  or  stamens  f'onii 
a  flower;  at  the  Itase  of  these  scales  exists  a  small  glandnlar  IkkIv, 
which  is  cither  simple  or  hifid,  and  snrronnds  the  interior  orffnn; 
of  reprodncti'-ii.  In  the  wale  flowers  there  exist  from  four  to  iivo. 
or  even  seven  to  nine  stamens;  (ordinarily  there  are  only  two.)  In 
the  ft  male  flowers  the  ovary  is  single,  terminated  by  a  l)iiid  stylo. 
havinff  usually  four  stigmas.  The  capsule  or  follicle  consists  ot'diie 
cell  with  two  valves.  The  seeds  are  very  numerous  and  niimiU'. 
each  terminated  by  a  long  tuft  of  hairs  or  pappus;  the  radicle;  i< 
inferior,  or  in  an  inverse  position  to  that  of  the  Poplars,  to  which 
they  are  so  intimately  allied. 


I   :  :'' 


!     ' 


The  Willows,  numerous  in  species,  are  all  (with  two  excep- 
tions in  the  Straits  of  Magellan  and  Peru)  natives  of  the  north- 
ern  hemisphere,  and  all  of  them  shrubs  or  trees,  some  not  nioiv 
than  an  inch  in  height  above  the  ground,  confined  to  the  higli- 
est  sununits  of  lofty  mountains,  others  attaining  an  elevation  ul 

*  SuiJ  to  bo  derivi'd  from  the  rcitic  sal,  near,  and  Us,  water. 

•|-  A  term  used  by  liiniui'us  to  de.xij;nato  a  elas.s  of  plants  wiiieli  have  flmveri'ijl 
different  se.xes  on  two  different  individuals,  monniin,  with  two  sort.s  of  flowers vii 
diil  rent  parts  of  tlie  same  p'ant. 


mler,  Salk'INK.k, 

)KIA,  &C. 


?,  disposed  in  ovoiil 
ulo?,  wiru-li  aiv  iiii- 
tilri  or  stamens  Ibnu 
lall  c;landnlar  Ii'hIv. 

tlie  interior  ortran- 
st  from  f<inr  to  iivo. 
■e  are  only  two.")  In 
ted  by  a  bitid  stvl.', 
lUiole  eonsists  ofmie 

lorous  and  niiunt''. 
ppns;  tbe  radiulo  i'^ 
lie  Toplars,  to  wliidi 

I  (with  two  oxcoiv 
ivtivos  of  the  iioitli- 
COS,  some  not  nioii' 
)utincd  to  the  liigl'- 
ling  an  elevation  oi 

wiitor. 
nts  wliifU  have  fl.i\vov>  ol 
ith  two  sorts  of  flowers  uu 


WILLOW  S. 


73 


fifty  or  sixty  feet.  The  wood  is  usually  light  and  close-grained : 
the  twigs  of  several  species,  used  by  basket-makers,  are  remark- 
able for  their  plial)ility.  The  bark  of  most  of  the  species  con- 
tains a  peculiar  vegetable  principle,  cal  ed  salicine,  which,  for 
intenaittent  fevers,  is  nearly  as  serviceajle  as  Peruvian  bark; 
and  the  down  of  the  seeds  has  been  manulactured  into  a  coarse 
paper.  Most  of  the  species  aftect  wet  or  humid  situations, 
being  comnKjn  on  the  immediate  Ijorders  of  brooks  and  rivers, 
•which  they  fringe  with  a  luxuriant  and  agreealde  vegetation. 
The  llowcrs  generally  precede  the  appearance  of  the  leaves,  and, 
though  not  beautiful,  they  are  seen  with  delight,  as  the  earliest 
harbingers  of  our  northern  spring.  The  species,  more  than 
two  hundred  in  number,  present  nearly  the  same  general  form 
of  loliage,  with  the  margin  entire  or  serrated;  the  catkins  are 
lateral  or  terni'ial,  and  the  stamens  are  too  variable  in  number 
to  admit  of  a  classification  by  them;  there  are  some  with  only 
one,  a  good  many  with  two,  others  with  three,  four,  five,  or  even 
nine  or  ten.  The  capsules,  though  small,  ail'ord  the  best  traits 
of  specific  distinction.  The  leaves  put  on  various  appearances, 
and  even  outlines,  in  the  progress  of  their  growth,  and  tho 
Willows  justly  rank  among  botanists  as  the  most  pnjtean  and 
4iflicult  family  of  plants  to  discriminate  in  the  northern  hemi- 
(5)here.  In  our  tour  across  the  continent  we  have  met  witii 
ionie  remarkable  species,  four  or  fi\'e  of  which  become  trees : 
We  shall  ofler  descriptions  of  the  whole,  but  only  give  figures 
of  those  which  rank  among  arbovescent  species. 


IV.-5* 


I  I 


!    !'l 


I  :i!i 


LONG-LEAVED    WILLOW. 


:  i      I 


!  i       .:i 


li 


ilii; 


Ml; 


i?i,i 


Salix  speciosa.  Fvltis  loiujigsim!.^  hincmhtHs  serndatls  j)romisse  anini: 
natis  glahrls  subtns  fjUvL'i.'^  juniurihas  i)ilo.s(s;  ainenlis  scrutinis  ij-'.^-in- 
this,  f/criiiinHiKS  pcdiccUaUs  lanccolatis  acuminalis  glahris,  squnmU  hi„. 
ceokdo-ohlonfjis  .ytv/cc/.*,  sVajDiatis  lobis  hijidls. 

Salix  lucida,  Hook,  (as  it  regards  the  Oregon  plant.) — Flor.  Bor. 
Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  148. 

No  Willow  on  the  American  continent  presents  so  remarkablu 
and  splendid  an  appearance  as  the  present;  the  effect  of  whicli 
is  produced  no  less  by  its  magnitude  than  the  size  and  Ix'iiuty 
of  its  foliage.  Its  aspect  is  that  of  a  large  Peach  Tree,  witli 
the  leaves  and  tlieir  stalks  from  five  to  eight  inches  long  by  mi 
inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  wide ;  beneath,  when  adult,  they  iiit 
glaucous,  like  those  of  the  Eiver  Maple.  The  summit  is  tiiftoJ 
smd  spreading,  and  the  tree  attains  the  elevation  of  about  twenty 
to  thirty  feet,  with  a  trunk  of  twelve  to  eighteen  iufjlu's  in 
diameter.  When  in  full  bloom,  which  is  with  the  firj^t  ex- 
pansion of  the  loaves,  in  May,  the  numerous  and  large  bridit- 
yellow  catkins,  loading  the  branches,  emulate  the  finest  Acaiia 
of  New  Holland;  they  are  also  agreeably  fragrant,  and  attnun 
swarms  of  wild  bees  and  other  insects,  in  continual  niotiuii 
among  their  waving  branches.  We  have  seen  this  noble  i^iie- 
cles  nowhere  in  such  perfection  as  along  the  banks  of  the  deep 
Wahlamet  and  the  wide  Oregon,  whose  numerous  islands  aiv 
almost  exclusively  decked  with  this  imposing  Willow,  whicli 
continues  to  the  JJluo  Mountains,  and  along  the  neighboiin. 
streams  as  far  east  as  the  river  Boisee.  As  we  sailed  along  tin 
smooth  bosom  of  these  extensive  streams,  for  many  miles  we  nevt! 
lost  sight  of  the  Long-leaved  Willow,  which  seemed  to  dispute  tliv 
domain  of  the  sweeping  flood,  fringing  the  banks  of  the  strcaiu- 

and  concealing  the  nuirshes  entirely  from  view;  at  every  instant. 
74 


% 


,ow. 

atls  in'onmse  ocuw''- 
ntis  serodnis  G-H-'/i.- 
'/labrts,  squamU  lai" 

plant.)— F lor.  Bov. 


ints  so  rcmarkabk' 

he  effect  of  wliicli 

le  size  and  beauty 

Peach  Tree,  with 

,  inches  long  by  an 

len  adult,  they  are 

le  summit  is  tufted 

ion  of  about  twi'un 

eighteen  inclK's  in 

with  the  fii>t  ox- 

s  and  large  bright- 

te  the  finest  Acacia 

ragrant,  anil  iittnu'. 

1  continual   niotimi 

^een  this  noble  i'l'v- 

I  banks  of  the  deuji 

Lmerous  islands  aiv 

■iing  "Willow,  wliioii 

ng  the  neighboriii. 

we  sailed  along  tin 

many  miles  we  nevti 

eemed  to  dispute  tlu 

)anks  of  the  stream- 

!W ;  at  every  instant. 


i 


its-. 


mm 


\'' 


■I 


II : 


i^i'i 


\}i 


Pl.W'll. 


Sillix    S|M'cinKM 

J.oiitf  /t;ir,',f  (f,//,.H  Xtute  y/v//v/y/^- 


J 


r   ' 


i  i 


I 


I'' 


S   1    M' 


S!"  I' 


!  i|    i     'li 


k 


i  Mi's 


I      I 


i  'I'l  t  : 

I  ll  I; 

I  mil 

IMIl 


!  !l 


LONG-LEAVED    WILLOW. 


75 


when  touoliod  by  the  broeze,  displaying  the  contrasted  surface 
of  their  leaves,  above  of  a  deep  and  lucid  green,  beneath  the 
bluish-white  of  silver:  the  whole  scene,  reflected  by  the  water 
and  in  constant  motion,  presented  a  silent  picture  of  exquisite 
bcjvuty.  lunnediately  behind  this  foreground  of  spreading  Wil- 
lows arose,  in  the  first  rank  of  the  legitimate  forest,  the  lofty 
Poplars  we  have  already  desci'ibed,  succeeded  by  the  majestic 
Oaks  and  Maples,  while  the  distant  hills  to  their  summits  were 
impenetrably  hid  In'  the  vast  towering  Pines  and  Firs,  which, 
mingling  as  it  were  with  the  clouds,  close  in  the  rest  of  the 
landscape  with  funereal  grandeur. 

This  species  is  related  to  the  Lucid  and  Bay  Willows,  and 
the  buds  have  something  of  the  same  aromatic  exudation ;  the 
oerrulations  and  the  base  of  the  leaf  are  also  equally  glandular. 
The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  rough  and  divided,  the  twigs  smooth 
and  shining,  of  a  yellowish  brown.  The  leaves,  at  first  green 
on  both  surfaces,  are,  before  expansion,  clothed  with  long, 
brown,  loose,  parallel  hairs,  which  disappear  with  the  progress 
of  their  growth;  at  length  they  become  silvery  and  glaucous 
beneath  :  they  are  finely  serrulated,  acute  at  both  extremities, 
with  the  points  very  much  atteiuiated.  The  stipules  are  semi- 
circular and  ])road,  serrulated  on  the  margin.  The  flowers 
com(,'  out  with  the  expanding  leaves  from  lateral  buds,  con- 
taining, in  the  male,  also  two  or  three  leaves,  so  that  the  cat- 
kin appears  as  a  pedunculated  spike.  The  stamens  are  very 
long,  from  five  to  nine  in  a  scale,  with  filaments  which  are 
hairy  toward  the  base,  and,  as  well  as  the  hairy,  broad,  cuneate, 
serrated  scales,  arc  of  a  bright,  golden  yellow. 

The  female  plant,  at  the  time  of  flowering,  appears  to  have 
smaller  leaves  than  the  male,  and  those  on  the  branches  which 
bear  the  catkin  are  green  on  both  surfiices  for  a  considerable 
time;  they  are  also  but  little  acuminated;  five  or  six  leaves, 
witli  their  appropriate  stipules,  grow  out  on  thv  same  ])ranch, 
which  terminates  iu  a  female  spike.     The  scales  of  the  catkin' 


"TWIfl 


I '.     !  1 


i;!-: 


^:     l! 

(I 
1 
i 

■  1 

'1: 
1  .    i 

1, 

1 

!1 

'1 

'           1 

i' 

i:   : 

1    ''li 

'■  1 

.:| 

l'!i 


I  liilM 


76 


LONG-LEAVED    ^YILLOW. 


or  spike  arc  oblong  or  lance-oblong,  and  less  hairy  than  in  the 
staminiforons  catkin.  The  germ  is  lanceolate,  pedicellate,  and 
smooth,  acuminated,  and  terminated  by  a  short,  bifid  style,  witli 
two  pubescent,  bifid  stigmas.  The  capside  is  likewise  smooth. 
and  contains  seeds  with  a  very  long  pappus,  as  abundant  almost 
as  on  a  seed  of  cotton. 

The  wood  is  whitish  and  close-grained,  and  might  proljublv 
be  employed  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  White  Pophir. 
but  the  nearly  uninhal)ited  state  of  the  country  in  ()ivi;(m 
prevents  the  possibility  of  making  any  useful  experiments.  As 
an  ornamental  and  hardy  tree,  however,  it  stands  pre-emiiiout 
among  all  its  fraternity,  and  well  des  u'ves  to  be  introduced  into 
pleasure-grounds,  Avhere  it  would  be  perfectly  hardy  as  far 
north  as  New  York,  or  in  any  part  of  Great  Britain. 

PLATE  XVII. 

A  fin'i/  (Old  leaf  of  the  natural  size.  a.  The  female  cat/an.  h.  The  imk 
catkin,  c.  The  male  flower  and  scale  of  the  catkin,  d.  The  open  m- 
side. 


airy  than  in  tlio 
pedicellato.  and 
bifid  stylo,  witli 

likewise  smooth. 

abundant  almost 

might  pr()bal)lv 
be  White  Poplar. 
untry  in  Oivudii 
ixporinients.  As 
ands  pre-emiiRMit 
)e  introduced  into 
tly  hardy  as  liir 
Iritain. 


catJdn.     h.  The  mak 
I.     d.  The  open  eaf- 


It' 


li 


f  ''\ 


!i 


I 


i    ^li 


-1   , 


il 


;i  h 


-\i\ 


I'll]  ,i' 


I;  tii,:; 


.}!! 


i;  ' 


SllllX   |MMlt:iM«ll'H 


■ns^^^mmsK'mvmT 


I'lAvin 


r" 


< 


/intfifi: 


If 


1  i:;( 
I, 


i'M 


"f- 


i"!i 


'II  t  ' 


I   ! 


1  ;i 


;M'.   1^ 


Ml. 


I;  . 


ill 


1:1      1'  iMi 

i  I! 


ii 


LONG-LEAYED   BAY   WILLOW. 


m 


Sai.ix  pextandra.  FoUis  clVpticis  acuminatis  semitts  gkthri.'^,  jKtioUs 
siipcmc  qhrndidosis,  amevtis  ficrotmis  pcntaiidris,  f/rnniniljiis  lanvcolatis 
lllahrt^.—WihhD.,  fi[).  pi.  1.  c,  Vaiil.,  in  Flora  Danica,  tab.  943. 
Host.,  Sal.  An^tr.  1,  t.  1,  f.  2.     Eng.  Bot.,  t.  180.3. 

SAi.rx  PKNTAXDRA.  FoUis  scmitis  ijlahvis,  Jiorihus  2}n}t((mfm. — Lixx., 
llort.  Cliliort.,  p.  4;J4,  ct  Sp.  jA.,  p.  144.  Flora  Lapponica,  p.  370, 
t.  H,  tig.  3.     Gmelix,  Flora  Sibirioa,  vol.  i.,  p.  1.53,  t.  -34,  fig.  1. 

IStdtx  foUis  (jhhris,  omto-hivccohttis ;  pctioUs  rjlmulnlosis ;  flord»is  hcrastc- 
7iui)db>i!>. — IIalleii,  Flora  Helvetica,  Xo.  1G39. 

\S(dl.r  monlona  major:  foliis  Laurinis. — Toirxei'ort,  Institutes  llei. 
Ilerb.,  p.  oOl. 

\SaU.i\ful''i8  Imirco  sice  lata  glabra  odornto. — Rail,  Hist.,  p.  1420. 

Salix  i'extaxdra,  i3  caudata.  Foliis  lo'igissinic  acutninads  nttennatis; 
rumulis  junioribus  hirsutis;  capsidis  rugulosis  opad 

We  mot  with  this  specios,  hitherto  wholly  European,  in  the 
very  centre  of  the  North  American  Continent,  by  streams  in 
tlie  valleys  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  toward  their  western 
slo[)e,  in  Oregon,  and  also  the  Blue  Mountains  of  the  same 
territory.  It  is  true,  the  present  variety  is  a  remarkable  one. 
The  uppermost  leaves  on  the  adult  branches  are  about  five  or 
six  inches  long,  one-half  of  which  distance,  or  about  two  and  a 
hair  to  three  niches,  may  be  considered  as  tiie  slope  of  the 
summit  and  the  point  of  the  leaf;  the  buds  and  last-developed 
branches  are  also  hirsute.  This  variety,  like  its  prototype, 
becomes  a  tree  lifteen  to  twenty  feet  high,  of  a  bright,  but 
not  deep,  and  rich  green.  The  flowers  are  fragrsmt,  produced 
after  the  appearance  of  the  leaves,  and  the  capsules  in  our 
jilant  are  slightly  corrugated,  even  when  ripe  and  o{)en,  and 
do  not  shine  as  in  the  co.iinum  Day  Willow.  The  leaves  have 
the   same   odorous  glands,   and    the    l)ark   of  the    branches  is 

smooth,  shining,  nnd  of  a  brownish-yellow  color.     This  tree  is 

77 


"!  y 


.!'  ;: 


:l"! 


II 
i|  'i' 


Ml 


!     ) 


11 

1,1, V 


I'll;;: 


'  ir 


78 


WESTERN    YELLOW    WILLOW. 


met  with  in  mountainous  situations  by  streams,  in  all  the 
northei'u  parts  of  Europe, — in  Britain,  Franco,  Switzerland, 
Sweden,  Lapland,  and  throughout  Siberia  and  Russia.  Its 
branches  are  too  fragile  to  be  employed  for  any  economicul 
purpose,  and  the  wood  decrepitates  in  the  fire.  The  leaves. 
which  ai'e  fragrant  from  the  resinous  glands  of  their  margin, 
however,  furnish  a  yellow  dye,  and  the  abundant  down  of  its 
seeds,  in  some  of  the  northern  countries,  is  used  with  sucot's.s 
as  a  substitute  for  cotton,  mixed  with  a  third  part  of  the  true 
material. 

Accoi'ding  to  Loudon,  it  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  species 
of  the  genus  for  planting  in  pleasure-grounds,  on  account  of 
the  fine  display  made  by  the  blossoms,  their  abundant  fragrance, 
the  shining,  rich,  deep  green  of  the  leaves,  and  the  compara- 
tively slow  growth  and  compact  habit  of  the  tree.  It  is  also 
one  of  the  latest  flowering  Willows,  the  blossoms  seldom  ex- 
panding till  the  beginning  of  June. 

PLATE  XVIII. 

A  branch  nf  the  natural  size.     a.  The  capsule. 


WESTERN   YELLOW   WILLOW. 

Salix  Lt'TKA.  Fiillis  ovato-lanccok'/h  acut'ia  Icritcr  .icrrutatis  r/lalirif, 
stipnli.'^  Imial!.-:.  (imcntis  jmvcocibHS  brcribns  ci/Undraccis,  qcrminllm 
pedicellate  (jlabrls,  ramis  lutcL. 

This  is  a  smallish  arborescent  species  of  Willow,  which  in- 
habits tlie  Rocky  iNFountain  region,  and  proceeds  Avestward  to 
the  banks  of  the  Oregon,  but  is  nfiwhero  common.  It  attains 
to  the  magnitude  of  a  suiall   tree,  and  at  first  glance  appeal's 


w. 


s,  ill  all   the 

Switzerliuul, 

Russia.     Its 

ly  cconomiciil 

The  loiivos, 

their  margin, 

t  down  of  its 

I  with  success 

irt  of  the  true 

sirable  species 
on  account  of 
hint  fragrance, 
the  compiu'ii- 
ee.  It  is  also 
ms  seldom  ex- 


i 


lie. 


LOW. 

urns,  qermmhm 


How,  which  in- 
lis  westward  to 
Hon.  It  attains 
lance  appears 


:l 


i 


in 


III!  li 


V  ' 


i: 


;|-'ll 


hi 


4 


Salixliilca  . 

fl'ivtfili  iW/on- H'fl/i)it:  .Saitlr  jminr 


'. 


■II H' 


!    ' 


■1i   :,! 


5!i 


!:! 


!  :! 


I   :■ 


WESTERN    YELLOW    WILLOW. 


79 


nearly  allied  to  the  coiinnon  yellow-twigged  Willow  [fS.  vltel- 
Jhid.)  but  it  never  grows  so  largo,  and  is,  after  the  very  first 
evolution  of  tlie  Icaf-ljuds,  perfectly  smooth,  with  none  of  those 
tufts  of  hairs  which  in  that  species  appear  at  the  interior  base 
of  the  bud;  it  likewise  possesses  stipules,  and  bears  short,  close 
catkins,  with  smooth  capsules,  and  the  serrulations  of  the  leaves 
are  not  glandular,  indeed  scai'cely  visible,  the  leaf  appearing  to 
have  a  thin  and  often  almost  entire  diaphanous  mai'gin. 

It  is  at  the  same  time  a  very  elegant  and  distinct  species, 
remarkable  for  its  smooth  bright-yellow  bi'anches,  and  jjale 
green,  rather  small,  lucid  leaves.  It  is  well  deserving  of  culti- 
vation for  the  sake  of  variety,  and  is  undoubtedly  hardy  from 
the  climate  it  inhabits.  The  leaves  are  rather  narrow,  more 
lanceolate  than  ovate,  acute,  or  somewh.at  acuminate,  about  an 
inch  and  a  quarter  long,  and  less  than  half  an  inch  wide.  The 
minute  serratui'os  or  serrulations  are  rather  crowded,  but  very 
minute  and  shallow,  and  not  in  the  least  cartilaginous.  The 
young  leaves  before  evolution  are  silky  and  white  beneath,  but 
the  pubescence  wholly  disappears  with  their  expansion. 


Hi 


PLATE  XIX. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size  with  fertile  catkins,     a.  The  capsule. 


tiliifM;  >1 


i    ! 


\i\ 


l!  i 


!.i:  M 


m| 


i"   \','   ■ 


I  .; 


;:;:i 


ii:j! 


i  t 


I  II 


HOOKER'S   WILLOW. 

Salix  IIooKKitiANA,  (Biivriitt,  Mss.)  Rdinis  valdc  rohislls  imhcscentibus, 
JHiiii>ril»i!i  ihiisr  tii)in')iliis(i-l(ii)(itis,  folii.i  late  obovaiis  fere  subrotumhitis 
rigidtasenVis  ><  rrali.i  VKirf/iiie  plani.^i  ,*///*;•«  (KfluUis)  nudiusculis  suhtus 
iomeutiiso-ldiKili's,  sf/'jxdis  [_,^(iiilcord(ilis,']  arneidis  eyUndraccis  cmssh, 
Sfj(«(i)ii.s  hiuje  dt  nsis.sitiie  Itiiiah's,  ovariis  UiiKje  flipitads  haiceolalis  (jlabo'- 
rlmis,  ali/bt  bri  riusculo,  slhjrnalii  lobis  iideyris. — lIuoK,,  Flor.  Bor.  Am., 
vol.  ii.  p.  145,  t.  180. 

Tins  small  tree,  noarly  allied  to  S.  v'nicrea,  we  found  of  com- 
mon occurrence  in  the  lower  part  of  the  territory  of  Oivjzuu 
toward  the  sea,  particularly  frequent  on  the  margins  of  ponds 
and  in  wet  places  near  the  outlet  of  the  Wahlamet,  where  it 
attained  the  height  of  eight  or  ten  feet.  It  was  also  found  in 
the  territory  of  Hudson's  Bay,  near  the  Grand  liapids  of  the 
Saskatchewan,  by  Douglas.  The  leaves  are  remarkably  i)r()teari 
in  their  form,  sometimes  wholly  soft  and  villous  on  both  sides, 
more  connnonly  so  beneath,  the  initure  of  the  pubescence  also 
varying  till  it  at  times  resembles  in  appearance  and  to  the  touch 
the  most  brilliant  velvet;  the  old  leaves  are  generally  obovate, 
smooth  and  shining  above,  often  nearly  so  beneath,  and  then  of 
a  bluish-green  or  glaucous  hue;  they  are,  moreover,  both  acute 
and  obtuse,  sometimes  even  rounded  at  the  extremity,  and  are 
generally  among  the  largest,  or  at  least  widest,  of  Willow  leaves. 
The  stipules  on  scmie  branches  are  veiy  conspicuous,  circular, 
and  serrated.  The  nnile  aments  are  extremely  pilose  in  an 
early  stage,  as  in  our  ^S*.  coiil/cra,  to  which  this  species  makes 
some  approach;  the  stamens  are  two  to  each  scale.  The  cap- 
sule is  ovate-lanceolate  and  very  smooth,  the  style  elongated, 
and  the  stigmas  two  and  undivided. 

The  twigs  of  this  species  are  flexible,  but  the  wood   is  too 
80 


BLUNT-LEAVED     W  I  L  L  U  W. 


81 


small  for  almost  siny  econoinical  omi)loymc'nt.  The  old  wood  of 
ih'j  trunk  of  A',  cajirca  or  tlio  Sallow,  so  much  like  the  present 
species,  is  much  estcemetl  by  Avood-turners. 


sccntihus, 
rotuncldis 
Us  subtus 
s  cmssis, 
its  (jluht  r- 
>or.  Am., 


.  of  cotn- 

C)regon 
of  ponds 
where  it 
found  in 
s  of  the 
■  protean 
»th  sides, 
'nee  also 
he  touch 

obovate. 
1  then  of 
)th  acute 
,  and  are 
w  leaves. 

circular, 
se  in  an 
es  nudves 

The  cap- 
'longated, 


BLUNT-LEAYED   WILLOW. 

Salix  fl.vvescens.  Fol'iis  ohoni/ls  fiiliJiinc(<>hi(l<i  jhircftcciifc.  tdiiifuiosis 
inkgris  donnm  f/lahris,  stipulis  purni/i.i  sii(j.^c)iiii'i'r(/(ilis  ilcnliruhtif^, 
amends  prwcocihus,  ca2)sul.is  koiccolutis  scrlcm-jniljcsrciiliius,  stiymalibus 
x'dlosis. 

We  met  with  this  shrubby  species  in  the  range  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  Ave  are  doubtful  if  it  is  not  also  an  inhabitant 
of  Europe.  It  agrees  very  nearly  with  the  Obtuse-leaved 
Willow  of  Willdenow,  {S.  oLfu-sl/o/ia,)  of  which  we  ha\e  seen 
no  specimens,  and  which  is  ap[)arently  a  very  obscure  sjjecies, 
said  to  be  a  native  of  the  Lapland  Alps.  Ours  is  a  large  shrub, 
with  much  of  the  aspect  and  general  character  of  the  Gray 
Willow,  which  is  indeed  the  type  of  a  group  of  kindred 
Willows.  For  a  good  while  the  leaves  still  remain  downy,  par- 
ticularly on  the  under  surface,  which  is  tinged  also  with  pale 
yellow.  The  loaves,  when  old,  are  about  one  and  a  half  inches 
long,  three-quarters  of  an  inch  wide  or  more,  wedge-sha})ed  at 
the  base,  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  quite  smooth,  entire  ap- 
parently, yet  the  stipules  are  denticulate.  The  branches  are 
brown  or  dark  ])urple.  The  catkins  are  short  and  cylindi'ic, 
the  scales  blackish,  hairy,  and  obtuse,  the  capsules  white  and 
silky;  the  style  is  distinct,  and  the  four  stigmas  1.  ng  and 
puliescent. 


od   is  too 


Vol.  IV.— 0 


III 


lit 


M  i1     .1  I 


M 


K.: 


it  '  ■* 


II'  -lil    ,1 


I        :i 


I 


I    ! 


I 


I 


•'     t 


'    1  i 

1 
1 , ' 

i  ii 

J 

1 

tlllll 

Liiii  \ 

ji 

1 

POND   WILLOW. 

Salix  stacnalip.  Foliis  obhmf/o-lanccolalls  oblusis  mtcf/crrmis  ban 
ciotcalis  siditiis  ])iilicsecntiht(s,  silpulis  jnillis,  amcnl'ts  coatands,  capsidis 
lanccolatis  acinnitiatis  scriccis,  Sfjiiaiiiis  sublanceolalis. 

This  is  another  species  indigenous  to  the  banks  of  the  Oregon, 
related  to  the  same  section  with  the  hist.  The  twigs  are  dark 
brown  and  slender,  and  the  leaves  sciittered  beneath  with  a 
minute  brown  pul)eseence,  which  connnunicates  a  somewhat 
rusty  appearance  to  tlie  leaves;  they  are  about  one  and  a  half 
inches  long  and  one-half  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch  wide;  in 
the  bud  they  are  covered  with  long  silky  liairs.  The  capsules 
are  remarkable  for  tiieir  great  attenuation  and  length;  the  scales 
of  the  anient  are  o])loiig-lanceolate  and  hairy.  We  have  not 
seen  the  male  plant,  and  our  account  is  therefore  imperfect. 


YELA^ET   WILLOW. 

SaMX  ctJXEATA.  J^i/AVx  hiix'inltifi's  obhiixjistr  (ipit'c  siihsemilofis  a(Vif!.% 
hasi  runciitl.^  r/hbrls  sublux  lioldscn'cii.t,  stlpiiUs  i»i>u(ti,s  phvhqur  7>>ifHs. 
amrnfis  cnaloiuis!  tlonf/u/is,  cdpsiills  oniti.'^  "cnWi.'i,  f>ti(/))i(if!bits  brcriiiii" 
ffUtbris. 

• 

Tins  beautiful  Willow  wo  found  growing  in  clumps  near  the 
rocky  margin  of  the  Oregon  at  its  conllucncc  w'tli  the  Wahla- 
met,  attaining  the  height  of  six  or  eight  feet.  The  branches 
are  slender,  and.  according  lo  (iieir  age.  \aiy  much  in  appear- 
ance, at  first  villous  and  downy,  but  at  ii  later  period  brown, 
and  sometimes  (piit*-  bhie.  with  a  ghiucoiis  bloom.      'I"he  h  avis. 


c 


h 
to 

\\\ 


WESTERN    rOND     WILLOW. 


88 


with  their  short  petioles,  tneasiu'C  about  two  inches,  niid  are 
ahout  half  an  inch  wide,  pubescent  above?,  at  k'ujitli  nearly 
smooth,  and  deep  green,  but  always  clad  beneath  with  a  whitish 
close  tomentum,  producing  all  the  brilliant  dis[)lay  ol"  the  iinest 
velvet.  The  male  flowers  we  have  not  seen.  Tlie  female  eat^ 
kins  are  rather  long,  loose,  and  subcylindrie,  often  iicconipiinieil 
at  the  base  by  two  or  three  leaves,  and  come  out  when  tin; 
Inives  are  considerably  grown.  The  capsules  are  silky,  short, 
ovate,  and  acute;  the  style  i/uort,  and  the  stigmas  four  and 
smooth.  The  scales  of  the  catkin  are  brown  and  oval,  somi'- 
what  hairy,  and  much  shorter  than  the  ca[)sules.  In  the 
narrow-leaved  varieties,  the  leaves  appear  almost  wholly  entire. 
The  broader-leav<'d  plants  bear  some  resemljlance  to  the  (iray 
Willow,  but  the  serrulations  are  minute  and  the  stipules  very 
hiuall,  or  wholly  wanting. 


ni     !' 


I  i 


■!t 


WESTERN   POND   WILLOW. 

Salix  MACliiK'AUPA.  t\ilil,s  lifihyodit/s  diii/n.^liilis  sitliiiili iji  I'rinils  titriiK/iu 
acidi^i  sillMi'diniliKlis  (hunini  (]labris  suhiiis  i/lmifis,  .■-■lliiiills  dIishIiUs, 
(iiiK  litis  coccki>u\'i  (//((iKlri.^i,  cdp.stilis  rcnlrifosls  c(ii«lalis  ijluhrinsruUs 
jKdifcUatis,  iili<j»i(i(H)iis  SKbai'iiisiaijUfi  iiin'iJnjidis. 

This  species,  like  our  Pond  Willow  (*S'.  (ji'isiti,)  to  which  it  i« 
closely  related,  is  found  forming  clumps  in  wet  places  where 
the  water  is  stagnant, — situations  which  it  always  seems  to 
l)relcr  to  the  banks  of  running  streams.  It  attains  the  height 
of  three  or  four  feet.  The  l)ranches  are  smooth  and  biownish 
black,  sometimes  glaucous  or  whitish.  Tlii'  leaves  (iihout  two 
tit  three  inches  long  nnd  hull'  \\\\  inch  wi<l(')  ar>'  at  first  covt-rcd 
with  a  brownish  silky  down  which  disti|>p('iirs  with  age,  when 


!!■ 


if^' 


,'! 


ii  I'l 


!i  i  ii] 


iru 


<  i/jii 


j  ■■ii 


I 


84 


SOFT-LEAVED    WILLOW. 


they  become  dark  green  and  bluish  white,  or  ghiucous  bo- 
neath ;  they  are  usually  very  acute,  and  mostly  entire.  The 
catkins  are  small  and  oblong,  with  two  or  three  leaves  at  the 
base  of  the  pedicel ;  the  scales  of  the  stamens  are  small  and 
blackish,  oval  and  obtuse,  somewhat  hairy.  The  fetnale  aments 
have  very  short  [)edicels,  and  produce  at  the  base  about  two 
leaves;  the  scales  ai'c  narrow  and  li)iear;  the  capsules  pedicel- 
lated,  somewhat  villous,  but  at  length  nearly  smooth,  ventricose- 
lanceohite,  with  long  points,  and  nearly  sessile  stigmas. 


SOFT-LEAVED   WILLOW. 

SaI.IX  SKSSII.IFOLIA.  Faliis  hlin'i  nlxfis  si'ssllihils  tlfi'lissiim's  (ipiir  .stihsrr- 
rululis  villofii.'i  mullihiK,  .'<fiiii/li.i  nullis^  (luniilis  .vc/'i/Z/z^/.v  diinalris  ddn- 
(jatis  Icviiiui.til (litis ;  (/< runnihiis  htnulis^  cnjisnli.s  lannnhitis  dcmnin  fnh- 
(/I'lhr!'',  sli/lii  ^triifinidc  filjuiiiil'i  sliiinKiUhiis  bilhlls. 

Tins  beautiful  and  very  distinct  specie.s  of  Willow  formed 
dense  tufts  on  the  rocky  borders  ot  the  Oregon,  at  the  con- 
lluence  of  the  Wahlamet,  attaining  to  the  height  of  about  six 
to  eight  feet,  and  when  in  llower  appeared  as  showy  as  a  .1//- 
mumi.  It  is  rennirkaldy  Ujaly,  and  the  leaves  are  hoary,  with  ;i 
rather  long  ami  somewhat  copious  pubescence,  which  connnii- 
nicatcs  a  softness  to  the  touch  ecpial  to  that  of  velvet ;  whetlicr 
the  leaves  afterward  become  more  smooth  or  not  I  cannot  say. 
but  thiidv  it  i)robal)le.  Didt'ivnt  from  almost  every  other  Wil- 
low I  have  seen,  the  catkins  each  terminate  so  many  sniiill. 
iealy  brnnches  about  two  inches  long,  exclusive  of  the  catkin 
or  spike,  which  is  itself  about  one  and  a,  half  incht's.  in  both 
sexes  attenuated  nt  tlio  biisc  ;  IIh'so  braiu-hlels,  as  well  as  tln' 
leaves,  an-  wbitisli.  willi  soft  hair,'«.  |pmi  liculinly  the  former,  bill 


PROSTRATE     WILLOW. 


85 


^till  the  green  color  of  the  leaf  predominates;  the  points  of  the 
leaves  are  somewhat  rigid,  sharply  acute,  and,  unlike  most 
other  species,  they  are  destitute  of  petioles  or  footstalks ;  the 
scales  of  the  anient  are  oval  and  unusually  conspicuous,  more 
hairy  in  the  staminiferous  llower.  The  stamens  are  two  to 
a  scale.  The  capsule  is  pul)escent  and  lanceolate,  at  length 
nearly  smooth ;  the  stigmas  four,  and  rather  long.  No  ves- 
tiges of  stipules  appear  in  any  of  our  numerous  specimens;  the 
olik-r  branches  are  dark  brown. 

It  is  difhcult  to  decide  on  the  affinities  of  this  very  distinct 
species,  which  at  a  little  distance  resembles  a  Protcu  or  L<  irn- 
(hnidron,  the  leaves  being  ecpially  gray  and  silvery,  with  soft 
hairs,  which  are  so  ecpially  distributed  on  either  surface  as  to 
obliterate  the  presence  of  the  veins  and  render  both  surfaces 
almost  similar.  It  appears,  in  some  respects,  to  resemble 
S.  anniariii,  the  Sand  Willow,  but  the  late  appearance  of  the 
aments  and  their  remarkable  dispronortion  are  almost  without 
a  parallel. 


\'  \ 


A\ 


PROSTRATE   WILLOW. 


!ii; 


SaLIX  I!l!.\*MIVrAUl'.\.  Fiifiis  oriilit  hiitriitliilisrc  iii'ii/is  f.iih.'^rsslliliiifi!  iiitc- 
flprrimis  rlnrrco-piilx'si'riililiii.^  siihhis  iih<inii)ri//iisis,  stiprfls  )iuWs,  amen- 
lis  ('iiirt'iiiiis  hnrllins  i/lniiirr'itis,  fiipsulis  otitis  tthhrt  ri'ilis  (miK  i(t(i'^i!>, 
Sti'lni'.diliifs  siihsi  Msililiiis, 


i ;  il 


This  singidar  prostrate  and  dwarf  Willow  wi'  met  witli  in 
die  Kocky  Mountain  range,  on  the  borders  of  IJear  River,  a 
I'lear.  ra|)id  brook  cutting  its  way  through  basaltic  dikes  to  the 
I'urious  lake  of  Timpanogos.  in  Xi'W  .Mexico.  This  locality  is 
likewise  fnmdiis  for  the  niniieri)us  sell/.er  springs,  so  ^ti'ongly 
impregnated    with    earbniiie    .itid    as    In   .-puiklc    ,nid    ejl'erveseu 


, 


I 


Mli!  : 


si 


1  hi 


in  I    iii.)l 


:i!1 


86 


TROSTRATE     WILLOW. 


like  cluunpagnc.  Our  huntci'.s  culled  them  the  ''  Beer  Springs," 
and,  for  a  day  and  a  half  that  we  spent  at  this  meuioraljli' 
place,  the  waters  aftbrded  u.s  a  most  delicious  treat  during  the 
warm  weather,  in  those  arid  plains.  In  an  open,  marshy  situa- 
tion, on  the  margin  of  the  river-forest,  grew  a",  abundance  of 
this  curious,  depressed,  and  hoary  shrub,  which  has  somewhat 
the  aspect  of  the  European  Sand  ^\iaow,  (*S'.  arcnaria;)  but  it 
is  much  more  dwarf,  Avith  the  leave,  s  u.Uer  and  always  lioary 
with  pubescence.  The  stem  branci  's  Irom  the  base,  only  rising 
four  or  five  inches  iib<jve  the  surface  of  the  earth,  but  'vith 
many  difl'use,  tough,  woody  branches,  which  i^pread  out  into  a 
circle  of  a  foot  or  more.  The  root-stock  is  woody  and  thick ; 
the  branches  full  of  cicatrices,  pubescent,  but  brown  beneath, 
thickly  covered  Avith  small  leaves,  which  in  some  plants  are 
elliptic-ovate,  in  others  oblong-lanceolate,  all  verj'  entire,  nearly 
sessile,  and  acute,  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  about 
three  lines  wide;  above  always  gray  with  pubescence,  but 
beneath  rather  whikly  villous;  some  of  the  lowest  small 
leaves  are  smooth  on  the  u[t})er  surface.  There  are  no  stipules 
in  any  of  my  specimens.  The  male  flowers  I  have  not  seen. 
The  fertile  catkins  are  short  and  somewhat  clustered,  not 
cylindric,  few-flowered,  the  capsules  oblong-lanceolate,  and 
short,  villous,  with  apprcpsed  hairs,  not  densely  lanugluous, 
as  in  iS.  atrniu-'ui,  terni'nated  by  a  short,  slender  style  and  four 
fhort  stigmas. 


norable 

ing  the 

y  situa- 

anco  of 

newliat 

but  it 

s  lioavy 

y  risinii' 

lit  '.vitli 

t  into  a 

I  thick; 

)eiioath, 

lilts  are 

',  nearly 

5,  about 

ice,  but 

t    small 

stipules 

lot  seen. 

red,    n<<t 

,te,    and 

lUglllOUS, 

iind  four 


Hii 


If 


Mi 


i,;!.'l 


ilh,, 


* 


'i'i 


ijii 


ji . 


l! 


1 

; 

! 

■ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 
1 

1  1 
1  ' 

1    ; 

1    ' 

: 

i 
;1 
1 

I  i  vi 


I   '. 


Sulix  Mi«*«iplivllii 


.SV/c//-  fr<n'i'<i  tft/A'ii' 


Sinil,'    ,1  /iin/lif  iiri/fiii'if.t 


(ifi/rtitre.* 


•  ■UA 


!  : 


i! 


SILYER-LEAVED   WILLOW. 


Satjx  argopiiylla.  Foliis  Uncari-suhlanccolails  acuiis  sesstlibHS  integer 
riiiiis  vtrinquc  argentco-sericeis,  stipHUs  obsolctis,  tancniis  scrolinis  dian- 
dris,  capsulis  villosis  lunceolatis. 

In  our  devious  progress  to  the  West,  we  at  length  apjiroached 
one  of  the  branches  of  the  Oregon,  the  river  Boisee,  toAvard 
its  junction  with  the  Shoshonee;  its  banks  wei'e  not  fringed 
with  a  belt  of  forest,  but  so  stripped  of  every  character  of  an 
alluvial  nature,  that  when  we  suddenly  approached  it  there 
appeared  no  break  in  the  plain,  and  the  clear  and  rapid  Hood 
shot  through  a  deep,  perpendicular  chasm  of  columnar  basaltic 
rocks.  We  descended  toward  its  brink  and  pursued  our  path 
along  its  obstructed  banks,  climbing  over  fearful  rocks  and 
along  the  margins  of  imponding  precii)ices :  night  approached 
without  any  cessation  of  our  incessant  toil.  At  length  we 
hailed  with  satisfaction  a  small  portion  of  the  river-bottom, 
almost  covered  jjy  tall  bushes  of  a  remarkable,  silvery  appeai'- 
iuioe,  which  proved  to  be  the  subject  of  our  present  examina- 
tion a  very  curious  species  of  Willow^,  which,  with  a  kind  of 
jNlock  Orange,  [Pluhtdi-lphu/^.)  composed  nearly  all  the  con- 
spicuous vegetation  of  this  sterile  chasm.  At  length  our  new 
Alnus,  (^4.  Oregn)i((,)  the  Narrow-leaved  Balsam  Poplar,  and 
the  Long-leaved  tree  Willow,  gave  evidence  of  an  ample,  allu- 
vial plain  and  the  proximity  of  the  Great  Shoshonee. 

This  species  becomes  a  small  ti'ee  from  twelve  to  fifteen  feet 

in  height,  as  silvery  and  white  as  the  Leiicodcndron  anjeniciun  ; 

the  branches  are  brown,  but  the  twigs  are  hoary  with  villous 

hairs.     The  leaves  are  very  much  crowded,  soft,  with  whitish, 

shining,  silky  down,  so  abundant  on  either  side  as  wholly  to 

hide  the  veins  and  nearly  the  midrib;   they  are  also  nearly 

without  footstalks,  entire  on  the  margin,  of  a  narrow,  linear 

87 


1 1 


I    '1 

I  .1 


im 


llM 


1     ,M 

i!' 


I  I  ' 


in 


'i     !■;(! 


88 


L  ON  U-S  PIKED    WILLOW. 


outline  and  sharply  acute,  with  a  distinct,  bri><tly  point,  one 
and  a  half  to  two  inches  long,  and  only  about  three  lines  wide. 
Stipules  small  and  linear,  seldom  seen.  The  aments  come  out 
late  with  the  leaves,  and  the  llower-branches  produce  from  four 
to  seven  leaves.  The  male  anient  is  small  and  narrow,  with 
the  scales  lanceolate  and  villous  ;  the  female  aments  are  oblon-^, 
the  capsules  lanceolate  and  villous. 

The  wood  of  this  species,  though  small,  is  very  white,  smooth, 
and  close-grained :  the  species  must  also  be  hardy,  well  worth 
cultivating,  and  would  then  probably  grow  to  a  considerable 
size.  We  perceive  no  affinity  that  this  species  bears,  cxcci)t 
perhaps  to  the  S.  a.n(ji(st!/oUii  of  the  borders  of  the  Caspian, 
<i'om  which  at  the  same  time  it  is  probably  very  distinct. 

PLATE  XX. 

A  branch  of  (he  natural  size,    a.  The  male  catkin,     b.  The  capsule. 


LONG-SPIKED  WILLOW. 

Salix  macrostachya.  Folds  lincari-subltmccokitk'  dom/atis  remote  scrrii- 
latis  acntis  ntrinrpic  arffcnto-scricn.<^,  slipulis  scmioratis  ffccidnis,  anioili.^ 
lonr/issimis pra'cdilliKs,  cajisuUs  lanccolatls  dcnium  (i'ahriascuUs. 

We  met  v»'ith  tliis  species  sparingly  on  the  banks  of  tlie 
Oregon.  It  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  last,  without, 
however,  being  any  way  intimately  allied  to  it.  It  forms  a 
slender  bush,  i-emarkable  for  its  white  and  silvery  pubescence, 
which  appears  as  soft  and  glossy  as  velvet:  the  twigs  are  also 
pubescent.  The  leaves  are  two  to  three  inches  long,  two  or 
three  lines  wide,  distinctly  serrulat(!d,  and  nearly  sessile,  with 


RIVER    WILLOW, 


89 


the  veins  conspicuous  through  the  pubescence.  The  female 
catkins,  Avitli  their  pofluncles,  are  three  or  four  inches  in  length ; 
the  capsules  are  nearly  sessile,  and  at  length  1)ut  slightly  pubes- 
cent. In  this  species  there  are  distinct  stipules  on  the  young 
branches. 


RIYER   WILLOW. 

Salix  fluviatilis,  Fota's  liiicaribus  idrliique  acunmalis,  suhknccolatis 
spimdoso-smatis  dcnium  (/labris  coiicolorihus,  stipulis  nullls,  amcntis 
scroHnis  pcduncidads  rUlosis  diandn's,  squoniis  oblongis,  fnictibus  lanceo' 
latls  fjlabris  iKdicdlutis,  slujmatibus  sessUibits. 

Tins  species  lines  the  immediate  border  of  the  Oregon,  a  little 
below  its  confluence  with  the  Wahlamet,  attaining  the  height 
of  about  six  feet  or  more.  We  believe  this  is  also  the  same 
Willow  that  we  mistook  for  the  Long-leaved  species  of  Pursh 
and  Muhlenberg,  (Solix  hiKji folia,)  which  so  commonly  lines  the 
bunks  of  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi,  and  which  often  forms 
the  exclusive  growth  of  the  small  islands  and  sandbars,  prepar- 
ing these  waters,  recovered  from  the  flood,  for  a  superior  growth 
of  trees;  and  they  are  also  accompanied  and  succeeded  commonly 
by  the  Cottonwood  {Popnhis  Ca)i<idais!s.)  We  met  with  this 
species  likcAvise  on  the  banks  of  Lewis  River  of  the  Shoshonee, 
accompanying  our  Long-leaved  Willow,  both  of  which  continue 
almost  uninterruptedly  to  occupy  the  banks  and  bars  of  all  the 
Western  streams  to  the  Oregon,  and  proceed  along  that  river  to 
the  borders  of  the  Pacific. 

In  this  remarkably  fluviatile  species,  the  leaves  of  the  very 
young  plants  are  somewhat  pinnatifid,  and  at  all  times  the 
serratures,  rather  distant,  are  sinuated  and  very  sharp  or  spinu- 
losely  acute.  The  branches  are  brownish  and  very  full  of  leaves. 
The  leaves,  two  to  three  inches  long,  are  seldom  more  than  two 


mmf 

m 


!|i 


I!:  "P 
'  i  1 


ii'i'iiiiii 


.:!•; 


90 


SLENDER    WILLOW. 


|.    1|: 


>|:ii 


lines  wide,  except  in  the  young  shoots,  when  they  .are  twice 
th.at  breadth.  The  branches  producing  the  male  flowers  are  as 
short  as  usual,  bearing  only  three  or  four  small  leaves;  the  cut- 
kins  are  narrow,  solitary,  and  rather  short,  and  come  out  with 
the  opening  oi'the  leaves.  In  the  female  plant  the  inlloresceneo 
is  similar  with  that  of  the  male;  but  there  is  also  produced  a 
later  growth  of  catkins,  which  terminate  proper  divided  brancli- 
lets.  The  scales  of  the  female  catkin  are  oblong  and  densely 
bearded  below ;  the  germ  is  smooth,  with  four  sessile  stigmas  a.s 
in  S.  Jon(/lfoJia.  The  young  leaves  are  at  first  somewhat  hoary 
and  pubescent,  with  minute  hairs;  the  young  plants  have  also 
often  pubescent  foliage. 

We  have  met  with  the  Salix  lonr/i/ulia  on  the  banks  of  the 
Arkansas,  and  it  greatly  resembles  the  present  species,  but  differs 
in  producing  distinct  sti[)ules,  in  the  minute  serratures,  and 
above  all  in  the  pubescent  capsule  and  elongation  of  the  catkin. 
The  leaves  are  also  generally  broader,  and  it  is  said  to  grow  only 
about  two  feet  high. 


'ir^'^h 


!  I' I 


i:i 


SLENDER    WILLOW. 

Salix  exigua.  Foliis  Imearibns  utrinque  acutis  suhintegerrimis  scricch, 
stipulis  7iullis,  amentis  seroiinis  donrjaiis,  capsulis  lanccolalis  sessilibii,'-; 
denmm  nudiusculis. 

Tins  species  is  also  a  native  of  the  Territory  of  Oregon,  and 
grew  with  the  preceding,  which  it  strongly  resembles:  it  is, 
however,  a  smaller  species;  with  still  narrower  leaves,  at  all 
times  more  or  less  gray  and  silky;  the  serrulations  are  mostly 
wanting,  though  very  minute  ones  are  sometimes  seen :  the 
capsules  are  smaller,  and  not  pedicellated.  The  male  plant  I 
have  not  seen.     The  branches  are  reddish  brown  and  smooth. 


i    I 


I  I 


ROUND-LEAYED   WILLOW. 

S^aix  ROTUXDIFOMA.  FiJi'ts  suhrotuvtils  ornfisvc  minutissime  scrrnlntts 
i:d  'niUgriusculis  utrimjid  (/((ibrls  coitculvribiis,  pclivlls  ramulls(iac p'du.'iin, 
stipiilh  iiKi.rinii.-i  dilatalo-rordatis  mcnihranacels  iiliuKluloso-wrvat'ni,  aiiunlis 
cnaianeis  diantlris  lamifjinosis,  capsnlis  (/lahn.'<  Ijiin'co/ntis,  .sfijti.s  cloncjalis. 

ji  OVATA.     Fuliis  orati.s  aculii  (Iciisc  furridads. 

This  dwarf  and  roiiiarkable  species  of  Willow,  attaining  aljoiit 
two  feet  in  height,  was  obtained  in  the  gorge  of  a  loftv  al[)ine 
ravine,  through  which  we  fruitlessly  endeavored  to  pass.  It  was 
ill  the  month  of  July,  and  the  perpetual  snows  whicli  still  covered 
tlie  mountains  mingled  their  outline  with  the  skies.  On  the  skirt 
of  this  gelid  region  grew  our  pi'esent  subject.  We  named  this 
scene  of  toil  and  disappointment  Thornburgh's  Pass,  (or  rather 
ravine,  as  no  passage  was  pi'acticable,)  from  the  man  who  under- 
took to  be  our  guide.  It  was  in  the  central  chain  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  near  to  the  pass  of  the  Shoshonees,  which  the 
following  day  we  attained. 

We  know  of  no  species  with  which  we  can  compare  this 
Willow.  The  older  branches  are  brown,  smooth,  and  full  of 
cicatrices  left  by  leaves  that  have  grown  near  together,  giving 
the  plant  a  stunted  appearance;  the  petioles  are  about  half  an 
iucli  long,  with  the  younger  branches  hairy;  the  younger  leaves 
are  also  somewhat  so  on  the  midrib.  The  leaves  are  nearly 
round,  from  one  and  a  half  to  three  inches  wide,  and  about  the 
same  in  length,  though  some  of  the  later-produced  leaves  are 
ovate  and  sometimes  even  acute;  both  sides  are  e(]^ually  green, 
the  margin  in  the  ovate  leaves  elegantly  and  very  closely 
serrulated,  but  in  the  I'ound  leaves  the  serrulations  are  often 
nearly  obliterated.  The  stipules  are  very  large,  wide,  and  heart- 
shaped,  finely  serrated  with  glandular  points;  at  length  they 
become  membranaceous  and  deciduous.     The  male  aments  are 

oblong,  large,  and  sessile,  the  scales  blackish  and  ovate,  produo- 

91 


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1 1 

92 


MINUTE    WILLOW. 


ing  copious  wliite  hairs  longer  than  their  whole  length ;  the  fila- 
ments are  very  long.  The  female  aments  grow  on  thick  stalks, 
and  have  the  scales  also  very  woolly;  the  capsules  are  smootli 
and  ovate-acuminate;  the  style  is  long,  terminated  by  four 
stigmas.  The  vcafc-kxivcd  variety  was  collected  by  the  late  Dr. 
Gairdner,    on  the  hills  of  the  Wahlamet. 


MINUTE   WILLOW. 

Salix  nivalis.  Foliis  oralihxs  ti(tl>sj)athHla(i.<i  v>ki/crrhnis  r/labris  obtiu^i'^, 
i<i(l)(us  ciiHciiJiiv'ihas  rdlcidatis,  (uiuidis  srrotinis  pcdirdhitis  jmurijli >)•!.*, 
gcr))iii((bus  ucatis  scriccis  sqiiamic  (jlabrtjc  ntuscc  loitfjioribus,  t^iiyniatibKS 
sitbfics)<i(ibns. 

Salix  iiiodi.i. — lIooKKR,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii. 

This  elegant  and  very  diminutive  shrub,  merely  about  two 
inches  high,  was  o])tained  in  the  same  alpine  ravine  as  the 
former,  but  on  a  plain  elevated  to  the  very  line  of  perpetual 
>«now,  at  the  height  of  aljout  10,(100  feet  above  the  ocean-level. 
The  stems  are  smootli,  brown,  and  woody,  sending  out  very  few 
short  branches  terminated  by  scanty  tufts  of  smooth  coriaceous 
leaves,  two  or  three  lines  wide  and  aliout  four  lines  long.  Tiic 
male  plant  wv'  have  not  seen;  the  female  catkin  is  produccil 
u[)on  a  pubescent  pedicel  nearly  its  length;  the  llowers  are 
about  six,  sessile,  and  the  subtending  scales  smooth,  retiise,  ami 
nerved.  The  genu  is  short-ovate  and  silky,  terminated  by  a 
nessile  or  almost  sessile  quadriiid  stigma. 

This  species  is  allied  to  the  iSa/lx  iiiyrtUloiiltn,  but  at  the  same 
time  perfectly  distinct. 

I'LATK  XIX. 

Afi.rtik  i>Uiiih>j'  lltc  Huliiral  iiKiiiidtHdi.     n.  A  leaf,     b.  Tlic  jiitnxj  coiimk 

((/*(.'  d.i  ■•'I'idc. 


the  filii- 

stalks, 

smooth 

by  four 

kite  Dr. 


ris  obtiwts, 
ti(jinatili(i!i 


bout  two 
le   as  the 

pcM'pc'tual 
jcan-level. 
t  \ory  few 
coriac'i'ou>« 

DMg.        Till' 

1  proihu't'tl 
lowers  are 
vtusc,  and 
uited  by  a 

,t  the  same 


mivg  capsule 


m- 


I'l.  XXI 


i 


':  i'A 


'SM 


irii/ir 


li'&l 


Til 


DUSKY  WILLOW. 


Salix  jiELANOPSis,  FvUis  Uiieari-lanccolatis  scrndatts  (jlabris  basi  attenw 
alls  rix  j>e/w?a/t.^',  siijmlis  ludli'^,  amentis  cocctancis  diundris,  squamis 
striatis  ohtu^is,  capsulis  (jlahris  laiiccolatk  sabscfisdilms. 

This  species,  which  I  have  called  Dusky  Willow  from  the 
dark  appearance  it  assumes  in  drying,  we  met  with  at  our 
station  called  Fort  Hall,  in  the  plains  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
on  the  alluvial  lands  of  Lewis  River  of  the  Shoshonee,  not 
growing  in  masses,  but  scattered  over  the  banks  of  the  river  in 
the  more  elevated  situations,  and  there  attaining  the  magnitude 
of  a  small  tree  twelve  to  fifteen  feet  high,  with  a  spreading 
sunnnit,  and  when  in  Hower  forming  a  very  elegant  object.  It 
is  closely  related  to  the  Tiiandroax  Willow  of  Euro})e,  {^Sallx 
Ifhuidni,)  but  still  sufficiently  distinct.  It  never,  like  that 
species,  becomes  a  considerable  tree,  but  more  resendjles  in  its 
magnitude  and  mode  of  growth  our  conunon  Black  Willow, 
[S.  virra.)  The  wood  is  white  and  close-grained  as  in  that 
species:  the  young  branches  apjjcar  blacki.^h-brown  in  a  dead 
state,  and  the  young  leaves  appear  also  very  dark;  they  are 
about  an  inch  aud  a  half  long,  and  about  three  lines  wide, 
attenuated  at  the  base,  so  as  to  present  no  distinct  i)etiole, 
acute  above,  with  minute  serratures;  there  are  no  hairs  at  the 
base  of  the  bud,  as  in  S.  tridiidni.  The  male  flowering  branch- 
lets  are  provided  witli  five  or  six  leaves;  the  catkins  liiwar  and 
elongated,  with  dusky  pubescent  scales,  marked  each  with  about 
live  sti'iatures.  The  li-male  catkins  are  rather  short,  and  the 
fruit  smooth,  with  sessile  stigmas,  as  in  other  sj/ccies  of  this 
[)articular  group. 

I'bATE  XXI. 

A  hrarii'li  iif  Ihi'  ihiliDid  Aiif.     n.  Tin  .n-d, .     h,  'rin.^iinnin).     r.  'I'ln  i/inn. 


urn 


I  - 


ill   fh 


lIU:. 


I 


:|1 


94 


BLACK    WILLOW. 


The  Salix  triandra  so  nearly  allied  to  the  present  species, 
becomes  a  tree  thirty  feet  high,  and  is  frequently  planted  in 
osier  grounds  for  the  basket-maker;  but  the  best  kind  planted 
for  this  purpose  io  the  Os/e;*,  properly  so  called,  (S.  viminaUs,) 
which  might  be  propagated  in  almost  every  part  of  the  United 
States. 


1         .';■!' 

Wri 

■1 ! 

.  n 

BLACK  WILLOW. 

SA.i.iN  '  IGRA,  Mich.,  Arb.,  vol.  ii.  plate  125,  fig.  1.  A  variety 
(>'■  Miis  ii<  0  occurs  in  South  Carolina  and  Florida,  in  which  the 
K  1  •  a  .'  villous  and  the  scales  of  the  ament  densely  lanugin- 
ou.-.  ''•■  the  herbarium  of  Mr.  Schweinitz  it  was  marked,  on 
the  i.iiUiorlty  of  Elliott,  as  a  species  S.  suhcillom. 

This  tree,  a  native  of  all  the  States  from  New  England  to 
Florida,  and  west  nearly  to  the  foot  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  is 
one  of  the  few  native  species  which  Incomes  a  tree,  attaining 
the  height  of  fifteen  to  twenty-five  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  ten 
to  fifteen  inches.  It  affec^ts  the  banks  of  rivers  and  lakes,  and 
generally  grow.s  jii-ar  to  thi'  water,  in  moist,  oecasionall^-  ovei- 
fioAved.  situation;;.  In  the  warmer  i)!irtM  of  the  States  it  puts  on 
a  handsouu'   ;  i-nn',f,  jiarticularly  when   in  flower,  but  has 

the  defect  of  branching  aliuost  froni  the  base,  and  leanitijr  in  a 
posture  more  wild  and  pieture-que  than  beautiful.  It  iuis  a 
dark-colored  rniniih  bark,  iind  tin'  branches  are  brittle  at  the 
basf,  the  maic  catkins  eoininp  out  with  the  leaves  are  very 
elegant,  and  attractive;  and  ukuiI  to  Ixvs.  In  the  southern 
parts  of  the  Union,  aecordin"  lo  Mr.  Elliott.  lUe  stems  when 
found  suflficiently  large  are  eni[)loyi'tl  for  the  timbciii  of  bouts, 
rmd  are  found  to  l)e  light  and  durable. 


WHITE    WILLOW. 


95 


The  White  Willow  {SuUx  alba,  Linn.)  appears  almost  natu- 
ralized in  many  parts  of  the  United  States.  It  is  particularly 
abundant  in  the  western  interior  of  New  Jersey  along  the 
liovders  of  the  Wallkill.  It  grows  rapidly,  becoming  a  stout 
tree  in  a  few  years,  and  in  Europe  it  is  considered  the  most 
valuable  timber  tree  of  the  genus;  it  produces  a  \vhite,  close- 
grained  wood,  capable  of  receiving  a  polish;  it  also  affords  fence- 
wood,  fuel,  and  bark  for  the  tanner  nearly  as  good  as  that  of 
the  Oak. 

The  uses  of  Willows  and  Willow-wood  in  Europe  are  very 
numerous.  It  is  generally  a  close,  fine-grained,  white  wood, 
capable  of  taking  a  smooth  and  equal  polish,  and  remarkably 
liglit  withal.  The  osiers  sire  very  extensively  used  for  all  kinds 
of  basket-work ;  and,  as  Virgil  remarks,  the  shepherd  sits  beneath 
its  shade,  while  it  affoi'ds  fence  for  his  field,  browsing  for  his 
flock,  and  honey  for  the  bees ; — 


■ij 


"Salices,  huiiiilcsque  gcnistao, 
Aut  illoc  pecori  froudcm,  aut  pastoribus  umbraiu 
Sufficiuut,  sepemque  satis  et  pabula  molli." 

GEontiicoN,  II. 


II  J 


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m\\\ 


'i\i 


H 


■!!i! 


I!!; 


"'   1 


I''       'I'll 


;fi 


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IM 


■.i^• 


'-111 


:li\ 


MAGNOLIA.* 


Natural  Order,  Magnoliace.e,  (Jussieu.)    Llwuean  Classification, 

POLYAiVDBIA,  POLYGYNIA. 

Co.lyx  of  throe  doculuous  petaloid  sepals.  Corolla  of  from  six  to 
twelve  petals.  Stamens  mimcrous  as  well  as  the  pisrtils.  Carpels 
disposed  in  an  imbricated  cone,  1  to  2-soedcd,  opening  by  the 
dorsal  suture.  Seeds  pulpy,  red,  suspended,  when  ripe  hanging 
out  of  the  carpel  by  a  long  umbilical  thread  composed  of  spiral 
vessels. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  large,  entire,  alternate,  deciduous  loaves, 
and  solitary,  terminal,  large,  and  usually  odoriferous  flowers.  Chiefly 
natives  of  ^orth  America,  China,  and  Japan. 


LARGE-FLOWERED   MAGNOLIA. 

Ma(JN0i.ia  (iKANDiFLOKA,  Linn.     (Mic'ii.,  Sylva,  plate  51.) 

In  the  noighborhood  of  Savanniih,  in  Gt-urgia,  and  near  New 
Orleans,  thin  splendid  tree  often  presents  An  almost  eijual, 
smootli,  columnar  shaft  of  sixty  t«>  eighty  fei't  elevation,  and 


"*   Nuuiud  by  Liuiubiui  in  huuur  of  Pierru  Mnynol,  u  botuuixt  «f  M«Mkpetti«f. 
96 


LARGE-FLOWERED     MAGNOLIA. 


i)7 


attains  the  height  of  one  hundred  feet  or  upward,  with  a  grace- 
ful, high,  and  spreading  summit.  On  the  trunk  of  this  species, 
near  Savannah,  I  observed  large  quantities  of  the  parasitic  air- 
plant,  Epidtmh'vm  conopscum,  and  it  appeared  there  to  grow  on 
no  other  tree.  Accoi'ding  to  Wm.  Bartram,  who  saw  the  species 
so  abundant  in  his  tour  in  Florida,  its  summit  forms  a  perfect 
cone,  rising  from  a  straight  clear  trunk,  resembling  a  beautilul 
column;  and,  from  its  dark  foliage  "silvered  over  with  milk- 
white  flowers,"  it  is  seen  at  a  great  distance.  The  succession 
(jf  {lowers  is  also  long  continued;  in  favorable  situations  from 
May  to  August.  Though  confined  very  nuich  to  tlie  neighbor- 
hood of  the  sea-coast,  it  extends  westward  in  Georgia  as  far  as 
Milledgeville;  and  I  met  with  it  in  Alabama,  on  the  banks  of 
Iltchee  Creek,  about  twelve  miles  from  Columbus  in  Georgia, 
and  afterward  in  other  parts  of  that  State  down  to  West 
Florida.  It  is  known  to  the  Creeks  by  the  native  name  of 
Twin. 

In  the  new  edition  of  Duhamel,  we  have  the  following  ac- 
count of  its  introduction  into  France.  There  is  at  Maillardiere, 
about  five  miles  from  Nantes,  a  fine  Magnolia,  Avhich  w^as 
brought  from  the  banks  of  the  Mississijipi,  in  1732,  and  planted 
in  a  poor  soil.  It  grew  there  neglected  for  more  than  thirty 
years,  till  M.  Bonami,  a  pliysician  of  Nantes  and  professor  of 
botany  there,  recognised  this  beautiful  tree  to  be  the  Ma;/)iol!a 
</r(ui(h'j{ura;  and  at  the  meeting  of  the  States  of  Bretagne  in 
Sept'Muber,  1700,  in  Nantes,  he  presented  to  the  Princess  of 
Kohan-Chabet  a  fine  branch  of  this  Magnolia  in  flower,  which 
became  a  subject  of  conversation  and  interest  to  all  assembled. 
Louis  XV.  possessed  several  small  plants  of  this  species  in  his 
garden  at  the  Petit  Trianon,  but  they  did  not  thrive;  and, 
having  heard  of  a  Magnolia  tliirty-five  to  forty  feet  high, 
which  every  year  Avas  covered  with  fine  flowers  of  a  delicious 
perfume,  he  sent  two  of  his  gardeners  to  ascertain  if  it  was 
possible    to    transport    this    tree   to  Versailles,  and.  above    all, 

Vr.l,.   IV.  ^7 


P- 


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i   i 


l!t|! 


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':'[[    -'"ii 

' ' '; 

[ 

1 

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1' ' 

IM 


Mi!       I 


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3| 


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98 


L  A  11  G  E-F  L  0  AV  E  R  E  D     MAGNOLIA. 


.should  they  do  so,  if  it  would  be  certain  to  grow.  They  saw 
the  tree,  and,  being  of  opinion  that  it  would  not  survive  re- 
moval, it  was  suflered  to  remain  in  its  place.  It  was  at  that 
time  from  thirty-five  to  forty  feet  high;  but,  during  the  troubles 
of  the  civil  war  of  La  Vendee,  it  was  mutilated,  and  lost  most 
of  its  branches.  Afterward,  the  burning  of  the  house  near 
which  it  was  planted  having  damaged  its  head,  the  branches 
were  cropped  down  to  the  trunk,  and  it  again  shot  out  with 
vigor,  but  the  young  shoots,  not  having  had  time  to  ripen,  weii 
destroyed  by  ibe  frost;  notwithstanding  this  severe  check,  it 
again  recovered,  and  afterward  became  a  fine  tree,  between 
twenty-five  and  thirty  feet  high,  with  a  large,  well-proportioned 
head,  and  a  trunk  of  four  feet  in  circumference,  the  lowei- 
branches  sweeping  the  ground,  and  the  whole  tree  producing 
annually  from  three  hundred  and  fifty  to  four  hundred  large, 
elegant,  and  fragrant  flowers.  The  seeds,  however,  never  arrive 
at  perfect  maturity,  although  the  fruit  attains  its  full  size  and 
remains  upon  the  tree  till  the  following  spring.  This  tree  still 
exists,  and  is  now  upward  of  thirty  feet  high  and  more  than 
one  hundred  years  of  ajvc. 

At  Cu^erta,  ;n  the  nei.;l'borhood  of  Naples,  this  tree  has 
attained  the  L eight  of  nearly  sixty  feet.  In  this  climate  they 
also  ripen  •='eeds  freely. 


LONG-LEAVED   MAGNOLIA. 

Magnolia    aucrophylla.     MiciiArx,  Flor.  15or.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  327. 

Micii.,  Sylva,  pi.  57. 

The  principal  locality  of  thi.-s  fine  species  has  been  for  many 
years  confined  to  the  vicinity  of  Lincolnton,  North  Carolina,  ten 
miles  southeast  of  the  town,  near  or  on  the  estate  of  a  man 
iKinied  Smith.  The  trees  occupy  the  banks  of  a  small  '  in. 
and  are  chiefly  dispersed  over  its  acclivities,  in  a  inch  h  oil. 

In  Tennessee,  near  the  Cumberland  River,  I  aftemvn  •■  •  n. 
few  small  trees  of  this  species;  but  in  the  winter  ol  ^-u,  m 
an  extensive  tour  which  I  made  through  the  interior  of  the 
Southern  States,  I  met  with  abundance  of  the  Magnolia  macro 
pJii/lUi,  seventy  miles  from  Tuscaloosa,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Coosa  in  Bibb  county,  Alabama,  growing  often  in  the  same 
bottom-lands  as  the  I/lidam  Florilanum.  To  give  me  some  idea 
of  the  magnitude  of  the  Magnolias  growing  in  this  vicinity,  a 
fanner  told  me  some  trunks  produced  sixteen  rails  to  the  cut, 
and  that  the  trees  were  two  feet  in  diameter;  but  as  timber  it 
was  little  esteemed,  not  enduring  long  in  the  air.  To  the  town 
of  Cahawba,  I  still  saw  the  Magnolia;  and  afterward,  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  Tuscaloosa,  on  the  road  down  the  banks 
of  the  Black  Warrior,  toward  Florida,  I  observed  this  species  in 
the  greatest  abundance,  often  as  much  as  sixty  feet  in  height; 
but,  being  the  depth  of  winter,  I  of  course  could  form  no  ade- 
quate conception  of  the  splendor  of  its  appearance  when  in 
vigorous  vegetation. 


Eaii-Leayed  Magnolia,  {Matpiolia  anricuhita,  Lsai.  Lomj- 
kavcd  Cucw/ihrr  Tree.  Micii.,  Sylva,  pi.  50.)  In  Bartram's  Gar- 
den, at   Kingst's.-iing.  in    this  vicinity,  there    is   a   tree   of  this 

99 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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100 


UMBRELLA    AND    TULIP    TREES. 


species  seventy  or  more  feet  high,  and  with  a  trunk  of  the 
diameter  of  two  to  three  leet. 

Umbrella  Tree,  (Magnolia  tripetala.)  According  to  Professor 
Torrey,  no  person  since  Michaiix  has  found  this  tree  in  any 
part  of  the  State  of  Nev/  York. 

Tulip  Tree,  {Liriodcndron  tuUpifcra,  Linn.)  Respecting  the 
northern  limits  of  this  tree,  G.  B.  Emerson,  Esq.,  informs  mo, 
"  I  have  found  a  single  tree  of  Liriodendron  in  Norfolk  county, 
Massachusetts.     It  is  plentiful  on  Westfield  River." 


DRIMOPHYLLUM. 


Nalaral  Order,  LAURiXEiE,  (Vuutenat.)     Llnnceaii  Ckisiilficatioti, 

EXXEANDKIA,   MOXOGYXIA. 

Flowers  hermaphuodite. — Peri^oniam  G-clcft,  subcanipaiiulate,  the 
segments  spatLulute-lineiii',  equal,  deciduous,  the  base  persistent. 
Stamina  nine,  in  three  series,  all  fertile,  filaments  short,  the  thi'ee  of 
the  inner  series  with  a  pair  of  roundish,  large,  sessile  glands,  near 
the  base  of  each.  Anthers  elliptic-ovate  and  similar,  all  opening  on 
the  inner  side,  4-celled,  the  cells  equal  and  parallel,  with  all  the 
valves  ascending.  Ovarium  1-celled,  with  one  ovule.  Style  short; 
sti(jma  somewhat  depressed,  capitate.     Berry  1-seedcd. 

A  sempervireut,  small  tree  of  Upper  California,  with  alternate, 
lanceolate,  minutely  reticulated,  pungently  aromatic,  smooth  leaves. 
Flowers  small,  yellow,  smooth,  in  small  terminal  naked  clusters. 
(Nearly  allied  to  Ocotea  of  Aublct,  but  with  hermaphrodite  flowers, 
similar  and  uniformly  introrse  anthers,  and  a  deciduous  perianth.  The 
leaves  are  also  naked,  without  pennate  nerves,  ana  the  inflorescence 
not  in  panicles.  It  is  also  nearly  allied  to  Aperiphrada  of  Nees,  but 
with  flowers  of  a  very  different  habit,  and,  with  those  genera,  belongs 
to  the  tribe  Oreodapiine^.) 

*   From  AptiiUif  acrid  to  the  taste,  and  fukkov,  a  leaf. 


101 


I  ■liii' 


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it 


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III 


'i'-ir 


jsHi 


CALIFORNIAN    BAY    TREE. 

DrIMOPIIYLLUM   PAUCIFLOIIUM. 

OCOTEA   SALICIFOLIA?      KuXTII,  SyNOPS.,  vol.  i.  p.  458. 

This  is  a  very  elegant  evergreen  tree  of  Upper  California, 
growing  round  Santa  Barbara,  twenty  to  twenty-five  or  thirty  feet 
high,  with  erect,  terete,  and  smooth  branches.  The  wood  is 
white  and  I'ather  soft.  The  leaves  arc  alternate,  evergreen, 
coriaceous,  perfectly  smooth,  tliree  to  four  inches  long  and 
three-quarters  to  one  and  a  quarter  inches  wide,  lanceolate- 
pointed,  but  obtuse,  entire,  with  very  indistinct  slender  lateral 
jjierves,  and  strongly  but  minutely  reticulated  above;  the  foot- 
stalks are  about  two  to  three  lines  long.  The  odor  and  taste 
of  the  leaves  are  very  aromatic,  the  latter  so  much  so  as  to  be 
quite  pungent,  even  more  so  than  the  leaves  of  the  Bay;  and 
they  are  employed  as  condiments  by  the  inhabitants.  The 
llowers  are  in  small  conti'acted  clusters,  at  first  surrounded  with 
bud  .«cales,  which  are  caducous,  but  not  in  the  form  of  an  nivo- 
lucrum.  The  flowers  are  aljout  four  or  five  together,  on  pedicels 
nearly  as  long  as  themselves.  The  perianth  is  yellowisli,  fun- 
nel-formed, and  somewhat  spreading,  deeply  0-cleft,  the  segments 
linear-spathulate  and  smooth,  a  little  pubescent  within  toward 
the  base.  Stamens  nine,  with  short  and  broad  filaments,  the 
anthers  oblong,  4-celled,  all  opening  from  v"  "n,  the  cells 
parallel  and  nearly  all  eqeal,  with  the  vaUe^  ending,  the 
three  innermost  each  furnished  toward  the  base  of  the  filament 
with  two  large  reniform,  sessile  glands.  The  perianth  is  deci- 
duous, the  base  alone  being  persisten*^,  iind  enlarging  with  the 
1-seeded  berry.     The  perfect  fruit  I  have  not  seen. 

T'LATE  XXir. 

A  branch  of  the  htiUirnl  ■■'iir.     a.  The  ffoinr  enlarged. 
102 


Hfornia, 
irty  foot 
wood  is 
orgrcoii, 
nig   and 
iceolato- 
r  lateral 
the  foot- 
lid  taste 
as  to  be 
fay;  and 
ts.     The 
ded  with 
an  nivo- 
i  pedicels 
k'ish,  fiin- 
soginents 
1  toward 
ents,  the 
the   colls 
ding,  the 
filament 
li  is  deci- 
with  the 


m> 


i^''hm,.H 


nom 


i,iii!:: 


Hil 


t 


iril' 


!-i!i,:^ii 


I  i.'i 


^^|ii 
I 


•' 


■is; 


^ 


I 


f  ;////• 


pi.xxn 


m 


%\\m 


Driinopliylluin  pmifinorum  . 

' \i/ititnii,in  Uiiif  fnr  /Jrniii)/>ln//i- iiauiiiJon 


:i.j.i! 


I  .■  i 


ill'li 


'' 


lllll 


'!l| 


UMBELLULARIA, 

(Nees,  ab  Ertcnb.) 


Natural    Order,  Laurinp^^e.      Llnnman   Classification,  Ennean- 

DRIA,  MoXOGYXJA. 

Flowers  hermaphrodite. — The  perianth  deeply  G-parted  and  shortly 
campanulate,  the  segments  eriual  and  deciduous.  Stamina  twelve, 
the  nine  exterior  fertile,  interior  sterile,  the  three  fertile  innermost 
ones  each  with  a  pair  of  large  glands  covering  the  back  of  the 
filament.  Anthers  4-celled,  those  of  the  third  series  with  the  two 
upper  cells  introrscly  opening,  the  lower  extrorsely  and  lateral;  the 
sterile  filaments  thread-shaped.  Slifpiia  peltate,  subrepand.  Bar)/ 
1-seeded,  seated  on  the  cup-shaped  base  of  the  perianth. 

A  tree  of  Upper  California,  with  alternate  pennately-ncrved  leaves. 
The  fl.ower8  aggregated  in  axillary  umbellated  clusters,  enclosed  by 
the  involucrum;  the  scales  of  the  involucrum  broadish,  alternate,  and 
approximate ;  after  the  opening  of  the  flower,  caducous. 


103 


; '    IV 


' 


i 


I  li;! 


l^U^'i'ill 


I 


.<r 


M 


HI 


■h\: 


I':; 


'*! 


ll  1 


1     •'/ 


HIM' 


!■      -I 


I     i 


iiiii. 


CALIFORNIAN   UMBELLULARIA. 

Umbkllulakia  Cai.ifoknica.  ILrmuphrodila,  fvliis  fcnmmnlihus  oh- 
lu)H/o-l(()i<'cola(i>  fix  aciilis  2K)nuiicrrii.i  rclh-idata-rcnosis  glahris,  iKilun- 
culls  axilldribiis  t:hiij>li(ihi(s,  Jlvribus  jilnribas,  umbdla  siu cojniata,  palun- 
ciilo  folio  hrn'ioriliH.'i. 

Tktuaxthkha  ?  Caui'ouxica,  IIookku  et  Akx.,  iu  Bot.  Beech.  Voy., 
p.  158.     IIooKKK,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  loT. 

LAURUri  uixiiA?  Douglas,  Joiiriiiil,  in  Ilook.  Comi"»an,  Bot.  Mag., 
vol.  ii. 

Tins  splondid  evergreen  tree  was  discovered,  on  the  northwest 
coast,  in  Upper  Caliibrnia,  by  Mr.  Menzies,  who  first  made  known 
to  botanists  the  vegetable  treasures  of  that  interesting  and  then 
unexplored  region.  Douglas  afterward  found  it  in  nearly  the 
same  country,  south  of  the  Colum]>ia  or  Oregon,  and  adds,  that 
it  attains  the  height  of  from  forty  to  one  hundred  and  twenty 
feet,  with  a  diameter  of  from  two  to  four  feet.  It  commences 
at  the  southern  limit  of  the  prevailing  Pine  and  Fir  forests 
which  line  tiie  wastes  of  Oregon.  The  foliage  gives  out,  when 
bruised,  a  most  powerful  can)phorated  odor,  which  from  its 
pungency  is  capable  of  exciting  sneezing.  Flowering  specimens 
of  this  interesting  tree  were  in  Douglas's  collection  from  Cali- 
fornia. It  is  to  be  regretted,  however,  that  no  detailed  descrip- 
tion nor  figure  is  given;  and  I  had  not  the  good  fortmie  to  meet 
with  it  myself. 


Sassafras,  (Lnuruft  finsf^nf /•(!.%  Lt\x.)      The    inhabitants  of 

North  and  South  Carolina  distinguish  two  kinds  of  Sassafras. 

the  I»ed  and  the  White.     The  Ked  or  true  L.Kaxs<ifraH  I  referred 

(in  tlie  "Genera  of  North  American  Plants,"  vol.  i.  pp.  2o9,  200.) 

to  a  sub-genus  FAiosimtfi,  embracing  also  the  following  variety. 

which  I  then  considered  as  a  species,  by  th(>  name  of  L.  (I-^'os- 
in4 


]{  E  M  ARKS     ( t  N     T  HE     1.  A  F  R  I  N  iE. 


10; 


mux)  alhitJa.  It  is  distinguishable  from  the  Red  by  hiiving  the 
iKids  and  twigs  smooth  and  glaucous;  its  leaves  are  also  smooth 
and  thin,  and  the  veins  almost  obsolete  beneath ;  the  petiole  is 
apparently  longer.  The  root  is  much  more  strongly  camphor- 
iitod  than  that  of  the  Eed  sort,  and  is  nearly  white.  It  is  better 
calculated  to  answer  as  a  substitute  for  ochra  {Hibiscus  CHCulcntus) 
than  the  common  kind,  as  the  buds  and  young  branches  are 
much  more  mucilaginous.  It  is  abundant  in  North  and  South 
Carolina,  from  the  Catawba  Mountains  to  the  cast  bank  of  the 
Santee,  growing  with  the  common  kinds. 

From  the  present  order  of  plants  we  derive  the  Cinnamon, 
Cassia,  and  the  Camphor.  Several  species  afford  the  cinnamon 
of  commerce,  and  the  Laurus  Qnh'os  produces  that  of  Peru. 
The  cinnamon  of  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota  is  afibrded  by  Laurits 
cinnamomoidcs.  A  great  deal  of  the  finest  camphor  of  India, 
however,  is  the  product  of  the  Drjjohalanops  camjiihora.  The 
volatile  oil  obtained  from  some  species  of  Laurus  found  in  the 
vast  forests  between  the  Orinoco  and  the  Parime  is  produced 
in  great  abundance  by  merely  making  an  incision  into  the  bark 
with  an  axe,  as  deep  as  the  liber  or  young  Avood.  It  gushes  out 
in  such  quantities  that  several  quarts  may  be  obtained  by  a 
single  incision.  It  has  the  reputation  of  being  a  powerful  dis- 
cutient. 


IV.- 


itants  of          ^P 

Sassafi'iis.           K: 

[  referri'd           K'- 

?59, 200.)          B 

f  variety.          Wm 

L.  (Kilos-          ^M 

rll ''' 


:,;■  * 


THE   LINDEN,  ou   LIME   TREE. 


I     1 


i\V 


Natural    Order,    TiliacEjE,    (oussieu.)    Linncean    Classification, 

POLYANDRIA,  MONOGYNIA. 

TILIA.*    (Linn.) 

Sepals  five.  Petals  five.  Stamens  numerous,  disposed  more  or  less  in  five 
clusters,  the  central  tuft  (cliicfiy  in  the  native  species)  transformed 
into  a  petal.  The  ovari/  globular,  villous,  and  5-celled,  each  of  the 
cells  bearing  two  ovules.  Capsule  ligneous,  globular,  by  abortion 
only  1-celled,  with  one  or  two  seeds.     Cotyledons  sinuate. 

Trees  of  Europe  and  North  America,  with  alternate  dilated  or 
cordate  loaves,  oblique  at  the  base,  serrated  on  the  margin,  and  with 
a  tough  and  fibrous  bark ;  stipules  caducous.  The  flowers  disposed 
in  flattish  pedunculated  clusters,  (or  cymes,)  and  with  the  peduncle 
curiously  adnate  for  a  great  part  of  its  length  to  a  large  membra- 
naceous, linear  bracte.  The  rest  of  this  family  of  plants  are  nearly 
all  tropical  productions. 

*  An  ancient  Latin  name,  probably  from  the  Greek  -meXsa,  the  Elm. 


Hi  I 


106 


,EE. 


nfication, 


ess  in  five 
insformcd 
ach  of  tlio 
^  abortion 


dilated  or 
1,  and  with 
'3  disposed 
3  peduncle 
3  membra- 
are  nearly 


)  Elm. 


:! 


m 


ill!  '    !^!n 


I 


if 


'■ii 


'!    ■ 


I  ! 


m 


I 


t   ,'    i 


<//.U/lll).IJh>ll     lll'>ll'.l. 


(i.ijiiirj  fi.iMi.i/    .ih.ih  j 


H[[.\l|(l().l,)|.»l|     l!l|I| 


mw  1, 


I'll  I,,    ■i|j|i  |iH 

I  '  i:  .  'I 


LARGE-LEAVED    ^INDEN,  or  LIME. 


TiLiA  HETEROPHYLLA.  FolUs  ovatis,  ttrfjutc  scvralis,  hasl  nunc  cordatis, 
nunc  oblique  aut  wquaUtcr  iruncaiis,  subtus  tomoiiosis  ;  mice  inslfminL — 
Vextexat,  Mem.  de  riustitnt,,  torn.  4,  p.  IG,  pi.  5.  PuusH,  Flor. 
Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  303.  Nouveau  Duuamel,  vol.  i.  p.  229. 
Decandolle,  Prod.,  vol.  i.  p.  513. 

Tilia  HETEROPHYLLA.  T.oavos  glabi'ous  find  deep  green  above,  very 
Avliite  and  velvety-tomentosc  beneath,  the  veins  dark-colored  and 
nearly  glabrons,  with  coarse  mucronate  serratnres;  petals  obtnse, 
crcnulatc;  staminodia  (inner  petals)  spatulate,  entire,  style  hairy 
at  the  base. — Torrey  and  Gray,  Flor.  Xortli  Amer.,  vol.  i.  p.  230. 

Tilia  alba. — Smit/is  Insects  of  Georgia,  vol.  i.  p.  21,  t.  11? 

This  is  one  of  the  rarest  and  most  ornamental  trees  of  the 
whole  genus;  and,  as  far  as  my  own  observations  go,  it  is  almost 
wholly  confined  to  the  shady  forests  of  the  Ohio  and  its  tributary 
streams,  to  which  Pursh  also  adds  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi. 
Torrey  and  Gray  received  it  likewise  from  the  neighborhood  of 
Macon,  in  Georgia,  where  it  was  collected  by  our  late  mutual 
friend  and  excellent  observer,  Dr.  Loomis.  In  descending  the 
Ohio,  late  in  autunni,  (about  the  year  181G,)  I  got  out  of 
the  Ijoat  in  which  I  was  descending,  to  walk  round  Lc  Tart's 
Rapids  above  Cincinnsiti.  Here  I  observed  almost  an  exclusive 
forest  of  this  fine  Linden,  on  a  rather-elevated  alluvial  platform, 
in  a  light,  rich,  calcareous  soil.  Most  of  the  trees  were  tall  and 
rather  slender,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  in  height,  and  the  ground 
was  thickly  strewed  with  their  large  and  singular  leaves,  almost 
as  white  as  snow  ))eneath.  According  to  the  herbarium  of  Mr. 
Schweinitz,  it  exists  also  in  Virginia,  pro])ably  on  the  borders  of 
the  streams  which  ilow  into  tiie  Ohio  near  Pittsburg;  and 
according  to  Dr.  Short,  of  licxington,  Kentucky,  it  forms  in 
iiis   vicinity  one  of  the   largest   Ibrest  '  rees   in    the  rich    land,-) 

there.      Decandollc   s[ieaks  of   haviuu    icccivcd    ii    sptrinn'U    of 

11.7 


I  tlllNlill 


i 


li: 


ill  i'l; 


■'  I 


iPS'i 


'r 


I  If 


:l    i|i 


m 


. 


II  ■>■  I 


li^ 


^ii 


108      LARGE-LEAVED    LINDEN,     OR    LIME. 

some  very  similar  ispecies  from  Mexico.  It  does  not  yet  appciU' 
to  have  been  introduced  into  Europe,  though  it  is  properly 
described  in  the  New  Duhamel,  probably  from  Ventenat's  essay, 
as  the  leaves  are  said  to  be  snow-white  beneath. 

The  young  branches  are  purplish  and  somewhat  glaucous. 
The  largest  leaves  I  have  seen  ai'c  about  six  or  seven  inches 
long  and  three  to  live  broad.  In  the  young  state,  the  white 
pubescence  beneath  is  most  conspicuous  when  the  leaves  are 
thinly  covered;  the  hairs  are  stellate,  the  serratures  are  strong 
and  sharp,  with  acuminated  rigid  points;  the  upper  surface  is 
dark  green:  the  base  of  the  leaf  varies  considerably ;  sometimes 
it  is  sinuated,  at  other  times  perfectly  flat  and  truncated;  the 
leaves  are  always  very  oblique  at  the  base.  The  flowers  are 
somewhat  larger  than  those  of  T.  Americana,  and  the  fruit  is 
villous,  nearly-  spherical,  and  certaiidy  always  without  any  ribs. 


The  TiLiA  ALBA,  White  Lime  of  Michaux,  plate  132,  not 
being  the  T.  alJia  of  Kitaibel  and  Alton,  (llort.  Kew.  1.  c) 
which  is  a  native  of  Hungary,  it  is  necessary  to  change  its 
name,  and  we  propose  to  call  it  Tima  Michauxii,  (Michaux's 
Lime.)  if  his  plant  should  indeed  prove  to  be  any  thing  more 
than  a  smoother  variety  of  our  T.  lictcwphijUa. 

PLATE  XXIII. 

A  branch  of  (he  naiaml  size.     a.   The  J'niil.     b.   The  flower. 


General  Ohwrvatmift.  The  Lime  has  long  been  a  favorite 
tree  for  avenues  and  public  walks;  it  is  planted  in  the  streets 
of  some  of  the  principal  towns  of  France,  Holland,  and  Ger- 
many, and  it  is  used  for  forming  avenues  botii  on  the  continent 
of  Europe  and  in  Great  Britain.      It   lias  (if  late  years  been 


LARGE-LEAVED    LINDEN,    OR     LIME.       109 


imicli  jil.inted  along  the  streets  in  several  towns  and  cities  of 
the  United  States,  but  in  Pliiladelplila  it  is  so  niueli  attacked 
])V  insects  that  it  probably  will  not  long  survive.  Tuc  species 
eiii[)loyed  for  this  purpose  appears  to  be  principally  the  Enro- 
])ean,  while  the  native  kinds,  being  more  hardy  and  vigorous, 
ought  to  have  the  preference,  particularly  the  present  species, 
[T.  lieierophyllo.,)  which  in  a  good  soil  becomes  a  large  tree,  and 
is  at  the  same  time  splendidly  ornamental.  The  insect  that 
devours  the  leaves  of  the  Linden  appears  to  be  a  iiioth/^'  which 
suspends  its  cocoons  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs  of  the  trees  it  has 
strijjped;  these  ought  carefully  to  be  removed  and  destroyed, 
jjy  which  means  the  evil,  if  not  wholly  cured,  would  be  de- 
cidedly mitigated. 

The  Dutch  plant  the  Lime  in  towns,  along  their  widest 
streets,  and  by  the  sides  of  their  canals ;  and  the  whole 
country  is  thus  perfumed  by  their  tlowers  diu'iug  the  months 
of  July  and  August :  they  likewise  aftbrd  an  ample  repast  for 
the  bees. 

The  wood  of  the  European  Lime  Tree  is  of  a  pale  yellow  or 
white,  close-grained,  soft,  light,  and  smooth,  and  not  liable  to 
be  attacked  by  insects.  It  is  used  by  pianolbrte-makers  for 
sounding-boards,  and  by  cabinet-makers  for  a  variety  of  [)ur- 
poses.  It  is  turned  into  domestic  utensils  of  various  kinds, 
carved  into  toys,  &c.  The  most  elegant  use  to  which  it  has 
been  applied  is  for  carving,  for  which  it  is  superior  to  any  other 
wood.  Many  of  the  fine  carvings  in  ^^  indsor  Castle,  St.  Paul's, 
Trinity  College  Library  at  Candjridge,  and  in  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire's  mansit)n  at  Chatsworth,  from  the  hand  of  the 
celebrated  Gibbons,  are  of  this  wood.  It  makes  excellent  char- 
coal for  gunpowder.  Baskets  and  cradles  were  formerly  made 
from  the  twigs.  The  leaves  are  also  employLd  as  fodder  for 
cattle  \i\  Europe.      It  is  in  Russia  and  some  parts  of  Sweden 


A  wpcfii'S  ol   (Jikitliiin. 


vmiu 


III? 
mm 


s 


\i  m 


;,    .Hi 


nm 


fi  I'i 


■ill 


no      LARGE-LEAVED    LINDEN,    OR    LIME. 

that  the  well-known  bass  mats  are  formed  from  the  inner  bark 
of  this  tree.  Tiie  bark  strijiped  from  young  trees  of  six  inches 
to  a  foot  in  diameter  is  selected  for  this  purpose.  These  strips 
are  steeped  in  water  till  the  bark  separates  freely  into  layers ; 
it  is  then  taken  out  and  separated  into  strands,  which  are  dried 
in  the  shade,  and  afterward  manufactured  into  the  mats  so 
much  used  by  gardeners  and  upholsterers,  and  for  covering 
packages.  The  fishermen  of  Sweden  make  fishing-nets  of  the 
fibres  of  the  inner  bark,  formed  into  a  kind  of  flax ;  and  the 
shepherds  of  Carniola  even  weave  a  coarse  cloth  of  it,  which 
serves  them  for  their  ordinary  clotliing.  The  whole  plant 
abounds  with  mucilage,  the  sap,  like  that  of  the  Maple,  aflbrds 
a  considerable  quantity  of  sugar,  and  the  honey  produced  by 
the  flowers  is  considered  superior  to  all  other  kinds  for  its  deli- 
cacy, selling  at  three  or  four  times  the  price  of  common  honey; 
in  Europe,  it  is  used  exclusively  in  medicine,  and  for  making 
some  particular  kinds  of  Hqneurs,  especially  rosolio.  This  Lime 
Tree  lioney  is  only  to  be  procured  at  the  little  town  of  Kowno, 
on  the  river  Niemen,  in  Lithuania,  which  is  surrounded  by  an 
extensive  forest  of  Lime  Trees.  The  triturated  fruit  produces 
also  a  paste  very  similar  to  that  of  cocoa.  During  the  taste 
for  grotescjue  decorations,  the  Lime,  like  the  Yew,  was  cut  into 
various  imitative  forms,  and  in  some  of  the  public  gai'dens  of 
recreation  round  I'aris  and  Amsterdam  there  are  very  imposing 
colonnades,  arcades,  walls,  pyramids,  and  other  architectural- 
looking  masses  formed  of  this  tree. 

The  Pjuropcan  Linden  attains  a  height  of  upward  of  one 
hundred  fi'et,  and  grows  with  vigor  for  several  centuries.  In 
Switzerland  there  are  some  very  large  and  ancient  Lime  Trees : 
one,  mentioned  by  Decandolle  the  younger,  near  Morges,  has  a 
trunk  of  twenty-four  feet  four  inches  in  circumference ;  another, 
near  the  great  cliurch  at  Rerne,  which  was  planted  before  the 
year  1410,  is  thirty-six  feet  in  girth. 


MANGLE. 


Natural  Order,  RiiizopiiOREiE,  (R.  Brown.)     Lmncean  Classifica- 
tion, DODECAXDRIA,  MOXOGY. 

RIIIZOPHORA.*    (Linn.) 

Tube  of  the  eahjx  obovatc,  coherent  with  the  ovar^',  the  border 
divided  into  four  oblong,  persistent  segments.  Petals  four,  ob- 
long, emarginate,  coriaceous,  conduplicate,  before  expansion  em- 
bracing the  alternate  stamens,  the  margins  each  with  a  double 
row  of  long,  woolly  hairs.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals ; 
anthers  nearly  sessile,  large,  linear-oblong.  Ocaru  2-celled,  with 
two  ovules  in  each  coll.  Sl>/le  conical,  short,  2-furrowed ;  stif/nia 
2-toothcd  or  bifid.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  crowned  near  the  base 
with  the  persistent  segments  of  the  calyx,  longer  than  the  tube, 
at  length  perforated  at  the  apex  by  the  radicle  of  the  germinating 
embryo. 

Maritime  trees  of  the  tropics,  with   entire   opposite  leaves  and 
axillary  flowers. 

*  The  name,  from  pt!^a,  a  root,  <fepw,  to  bear,  in  allusion  to  the  seed  ger- 
minating before  it  falls  from  the  branches. 


Ill 


AMERICAN   MANGLE,  or   MANGROVE. 


y\il 


i!    ;il. 


i'l'  i 


Khizopiioua  Amioricana.  JPoliii  ohocato-oblongh  ohUms ;  jWiliiiiculiA 
(richoloinis  pctlulo  Iviigioribus,  stjUa  sahidatis  bifidis,  fructibus  suhnhit'j- 
clavads  obtusis. 

Khizopiioua  maiujlc. — Jacqcin,  Amer.,  p.  141,  t,  89.  Buown,  Jam., 
p.  211.  Decand.,  Prod.,  vol.  iii.  p.  532.  Kutt.,  Florid.,  pi.  Sill,  "i, 
p.  295.     Tor.  and  Gray,  vol.  i.  p.  481,  (not  of  Lixn.) 

Candda  Amerkwia  folds  laurinis. — Catksry's  Ca"  1.,  vol,  ii.  p.  tj3, 
t.  G3. 

MaiKjle  aqaati.a,  foliis  subroluitdis  el  j^iOK-iatis. — Plumier,  Gen.,  p.  13. 
Sloaxe,  Jam.,  p.  155,  Ilist.,  vol.  ii.  p.  63. 

Marym  Guapariia. — Pisu'rf  Brazil,  1.  4,  o.  87,  R. 

Tuis  tree  is  found  in  the  maritime  swamps  of  Louisiana  and 
East  Florida,  and  along  the  coast  of  Texas  is  not  unconnnon. 
The  Mangrove,  like  the  famous  Banyan  Fig,  sends  out  innu- 
merable roots  into  the  surrounding  marshes  from  the  I'usi- 
foi'm  fruits  which  terminate  its  branches,  so  that  after  a  while 
a  single  tree  becomes,  as  it  were,  the  parent  of  a  whole  forest 
of  several  miles  in  extent;  and,  growing  well  even  into  the 
salt  water,  it  is  not  unfrequent  to  see  their  branches  loaded 
with  oysters  (the  Ontrca  folinm)  of  an  exquisite  flavor.  Those 
thickets  likewise  afford  a  resort  for  various  kinds  of  sea-fowl, 
and,  fringing  the  margin  of  the  ocean  and  the  salt-pools  with 
their  spreading  summits,  they  give  a  peculiar  feature  to  the 
tropical  landscape,  but  at  the  same  time  afford  shelter  to  clouds 
of  mosquitos.  The  bark  and  fruit  are  useful  for  tanning :  the 
ilower,  according  to  Loureiro,  dyes  a  very  durable  black,  and, 
according  to  Sloano,  affords  a  material  for  ink. 

The   Mangrove  of  the  West   Indies  and   Tropical  America 

becomes  a  tree  about  forty  to  fifty  feet  high  and  two  to  three 

feet  in  diameter,  with  a  ferrugi)ious  bark  and  white  wood  of  no 

great  value  except  for  ftu;! ,  yet,  according  to  Sloane,  the  wood 
1TJ 


lOVE. 

Kibliini'ii^ 
subalah- 

'N,  Jinn., 
)1.  Sill.  \ 

ii.  p.  i;8, 

en.,  p.  13, 


iaiia  and 
icomnion. 
out  innu- 

tlie  I'u.si- 
r  a  while 
lole  forest 

into  the 
les  loaded 
ir.  Those 
f  sea-fowl, 
lools  with 
ire  to  the 
r  to  clouds 
ining:  the 
•lack,  and, 

1  America 
o  to  three 
vood  of  no 
',  tlic  wood 


M 


:n:' 


i  r. 


lrMi.h!ii 


I!::  iiri: 


'■'m 


'' 


HI 


'ill' 

iljl: 

'I  i' 


1 1 


'I'  [ 

i  nil 


f 


ill  Mil 


ill! 


'tl: 


I  :l! 


liii 


(i| 


li 


:i 


I'l  \.\IV 


Rhi'/.o|i|ior:i  Aiii«M-ic:Miii 


:.        .    I 


iiMli! 


I 


■  'm 


AMERICAN     MANGLE. 


113 


is  good  for  building  and  for  shingles.  TIi<>  wood  of  that  of  India, 
as  described  by  Roxburgh  in  his  "  Flora  Indica,"  is  of  a  dark- 
reddish  color,  hard,  and  durable. 

The  Mangrove  is  not  very  tall,  but  veiy  branching;  the 
branches,  almost  always  opposite,  ( longated  and  pendant. 
When  touching  the  soil,  they  strike  root  and  become  new 
trees,  which  remultiply  themselves  in  the  same  manner,  thus 
forming  an  almost  impenetrable  barrier  on  the  borders  of  the 
sea. 

The  leaves  are  opposite,  entire,  coriaceous,  at  first  folded  in- 
ward, with  caducous  stipules  between  the  petioles.  The  flowers 
are  pale  yellow,  the  segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate.  The 
anthers  are  subulate;  the  margin  of  the  petals  pilose;  the 
style  bifid,  with  the  divisions  rather  long  and  subulate.  The 
verdure*  of  the  Mangrove  is  dark  and  gloomy,  and  the  whole 
tree,  inhabiting  a  region  of  desolation,  presents  an  aspect  of 
sadness. 

The  most  extraordinary  plant  of  this,  or  rather  a  nearly-allied 
genus,  is  the  Rhizophora  (jymnorhiza  of  Linna>us,  (now  Bnnjiera.) 
This  tree  grows  commonly  in  the  maritime  marshes  of  India; 
and  the  branches  of  its  numerous  roots,  ascending  into  the  air, 
produce  the  appearance  of  a  large  umbrageous  tree,  as  it  were, 
on  stilts,  or,  as  Roxburgh  says,  supported  in  the  air  on  a  circle 
of  converging  hop-poles.  The  fruit,  the  leaves,  and  the  bark  ol 
this  species  are  also  said  to  aftbrd  food  to  the  native  inhabitants. 
A  figure  of  it  is  given  by  Rumphius,  vol.  iii.  t.  68,  and  by  Rheede, 
in  the  "Flora  Malabarica,"  vol.  vi.  tab.  31,  32. 

PLATE  XXIV. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  fruit. 


Vol.  IV.— 8 


G  U  A  V  A. 


Natural  Onler,  MYiiTACEii^.    Linna'an  Clomfuation,  Icosandria, 

MONOGYNIA. 

rSIDlUM.*    (Linn.) 

fMyx-in\)G  (or  external  germ)  ellipHoid  or  obovnte,  often  contracted 
at  the  summit;  the  border  at  first  undivided  and  ovate  while  in 
flower,  afterward  1  to  5-eleft.  Pelah,  live.  Slainnhs  ver}'  minierous, 
distinct,  ^///'i;  filiform  ;  sh'ijnia  capitate.  The  or/in/  with  from  five 
to  twenty  cells,  Konie  of  them  abortive,  each  cell  subdivided  by  the 
inter}iositi(in  of  a  placenta  resembling  a  dissepinient.  Onilcs  nume- 
rous, horizontal.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  ben-y,  coated  witli  tlie 
adhering  tube  of  the  calyx  and  crowned  by  its  persisting  lobes. 
The  seeds  scattered  through  the  pulp  in  the  I'ipe  berry,  having  a 
bony  or  hard  shell.  The  emhri/o  curved  in  a  half-circle  round  tlie 
protruded  base  of  the  testa.  Coli/kdons  nunntc,  the  radicle  rather 
long. 

Trees  or  shrubs  chiefly  indigenous  to  the  intertropical  regions  of 
America,  with  opposite,  entire,  impunctate,  feather-ncrvc(l  leaves, 
iVduncles  axillary,  1  to  8-flowered,  each  flower  with  a  pair  of  bractes. 
The  flowers  white. 


*  One  of  the  (Jreek  nnnics  for  tli»!  I'oiiiegraiiuto,     Uuava  IB  a  oorruption  of 
tho  American  aborif^^inul  name  of  Gmiynha. 


114 


COSANDRIA, 


contracted 
ite  wliile  in 
'  luiiiierous, 

li  I'roni  livi^ 
itk'd  by  tlio 
h'uh:.s  iniiiit'- 
(1  uith  tlio 
sting  Io!)c's. 
ry,  liiivinii;  a 
0  round  tin! 
idiclo  nitlicr 


il  regions  of 
•vc'd  Ii'iivci^. 
r  of  iiraetcs. 


corruption  nf 


i'ijil 


'■•^'\l 


i"i  '1 


1 


,;  m 


it 

.3 

u 


'i  n  n 


:i'i:i  ;i 


] 

'n    J  .■ji;)'  ' 

:i 

Ir 

ill  ' ii ''     ' .  ' 

1  ■ 

■1       ■               . 

1 
i 

1 

PISXN'. 


i'lHldiinii  iMixiroliiiiM 

^'/I'rii/ii  O'l/init  liiiyiififf  lie  III  l''li>fi</r 


P1XXN-. 


/•'/iiri</f 


I, 

r '  n\ 


IHiiU: 


■)i3 


!  M 


!  '1 1 


FLORIDA    GUAYA. 


r.siDiUM  BuxiFOLiu.M.  Glahrum,  ramnlis  (crclibtis,  fol'ds  pnrrnfis  corifioeis 
mnmto-ohovaiis  obtusis  suhscsaiUhiis  inargim  recolalis,  pcdaiwidts  solitariis 
brcvissimis  unijiorls,  fructu  pyriformi. 

Fur  a  kiiowledgo  of  this  interesting  tree  or  «liriib  we  are 
indebted  to  the  Lite  indefatigable  Dr.  Baldwin,  who  met  with  it 
in  some  part  of  East  Florida  near  the  river  St.  Johns.  To 
show  how  very  uidike  this  species  is  to  all  the  others  known,  it 
wiis  hastily  nuirked  by  Mr.  Schweinitz,  in  his  herbarium,  (of 
wiiich  the  specimen  forms  a  part,)  '•Qim-vus  rircns"  and  at  the 
first  hasty  glance  some  resemblance  may  be  traced  with  the 
Live  Oak  in  the  leaf  and  twig;  but,  of  course,  the  presence  of 
the  fruit  at  once  dispels  the  illusion. 

I  have  seen  but  the  single  specimen  now  figured,  and  would 

recommend  its  exiimination  to  some  future  traveller.     The  twig 

is  round,  covered  with  a  gray  bark,  and  at  near  distances  nuirked 

with  the  cicatrices  of  opposite  fallen  leaves.     The  leaves  on  the 

up|)or  branchlets  are  crowded  together  in  opposite  pairs,  of  a 

very  thick,  opaque,  rigid  consistence,  and  api)ear  to  be  semper- 

virent;  they  are  perfectly  smooth  on  both  sides,  paler  beneatii, 

dark-green   above,  cuneate-obovate,  obtuse,  sometimes  with  an 

attemi)t  at  a  very  short  and  l)huit  acumination,  with  the  margui 

ri'llected,  and   beneath   marked   with   numerous   a[)[)roximating 

leathered  nerves;    they  are  from  one  inch   to  one  and   a  half 

inches  long  by  oiu'-half  to  tiiree-tpiarters  of  an  inch  wide.     The 

peduncU's  are  axillary  and  solitary,  very  thick  in  the  fruit-stalk, 

and  scarcely  two  lines  long.     The  tlowers  I  have  not  seen.    The 

berry  is  l)hu'kish-pin'[)le.  peai"-sha[)ed.  al)out  the  si/o  of  a  cherry, 

and  appears  to  have  been  succulent,  as  usual;   internally  it   is 

filled   with  horizontal  rows  of   llat.  siil)rciiilni'ni.  [talt'-hrow  iiisli, 

liony  seeds,  with  a  nannw  i'ttilii\o  tiirstd   into  the  form  nl' a 

11.") 


11 


;'l^ 


1 

; 

1  ! 

J 

i  1  '1 

r 

r  1 

Il 

i,' 

!     .f 


■1;  >!> 


116 


FLORIDA     G  U  A  V  A. 


horseshoe.  The  cotyledons  are  very  small,  and  in  the  seed  are  oi' 
a  bright  waxy  yellow.  This  species  is  vci-y  nearly  allied  to  the 
Purple-fruited  Guava,  [P.  Catllelaimm,)  scarcely  difl'ering  in  aiij 
thing  but  the  sniallness  of  the  leaves  and  the  pyriforni  fruit, 
tliough  the  leaves  of  the  Purple  Guava,  besides  being  much 
larger,  are  also  pubescent  when  young.  Most  of  the  species  ol' 
this  genus  are  cultivated  in  the  tropics  for  their  fruit.  The  /■*. 
pyrifvnim,  or  Common  Guav.i,  bears  a  fruit  about  the  size  of 
a  hen's  egg,  yellowish,  with  a  peculiar  odor;  the  pulp  is  rather 
firm,  flesh-colored,  sweet,  agreeable,  and  aromatic.  In  the  West 
Indies  it  is  highly  esteemed  by  all  classes,  being  eaten  raw,  as  a 
dessert,  or  formed  into  an  excellent  sweetmeat  and  jelly. 

Of  the  fruit  of  the  Purple  Guava,  to  which  ours  is  so  closely 
related,  Lindley  remarks,  "The  excellent  flavor  of  its  fruit, 
which  is  very  like  that  of  strawberries  and  cream,  is  far  supe- 
rior to  either  P.  pyrifenim,  pomiferam,  or  pulycarponr  Mr. 
Sabine  remarks  of  the  fruit  of  this  species,  "that  it  is  juicy,  of 
a  consistence  nmch  like  that  of  a  strawberry,  to  which  it  bears 
some  resemblance  in  flavor." 

What  the  present  species  may  become,  when  cultivated,  re- 
mains to  be  proved;  but  in  a  genus  so  generally  interesting  for 
their  fruit,  the  experiment  is  worth  making  when  an  oppor- 
tunity may  ofler.  Probably  Dr.  Baldwin  found  it  growing  near 
or  above  New  Smyrna,  as  he  did  not  go  much  farther  inic  the 
interior  of  East  Florida. 

PLATE  XXV. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size  in  fruit. 


n 


3\vnig  near 


^  1  : 

1 

•I 


.  i':!; 


1 


I  -!  il 


mu 


;i  ■; 


M  ■■■!! 


fi 


r;ilv|ilrii rain's  vliyli'ju'ulta 


1'1.\\'V| 


r/ivli'iKii^K 


w 


I     I 


11  ■      ■  \l 


illl'i 


Ml  i 


ii'li 


ill:  i 


1    ■'■ 


!i       'J 


':  I    W 


CALYPTRANTIIES. 

(SWARTZ.) 


Natural  Order,  MYRTACEyE.     Lbnavan  Cla-ftsificotion,  Icosandria, 

MOXOGYNIA. 

Tube  of  the  calyx  obovate,  with  the  border  entire;  when  flowering, 
bursting  circularly  in  the  form  of  a  lateral,  ami  at  length  deci- 
duous, lid.  Petals  none,  or  two  or  three  and  minute.  Stamens  many. 
Sl>/k  one;  stigma  simple.  Ovary  2  or  3-celled,  the  cells  2-8eeded. 
The  berry  by  abortion  1-celled,  1  to  4-soeded. 

Small  trees  of  the  West  India  Islands  and  of  Brazil,  the  leaves 
with  pinnated  veins.  Flowers  small  and  numerous,  usually  in  axillary 
or  terminal  panicles. 


FORKED   CALYPTRANTHES. 

Calyptrantiies  ciiytraculia.  Arborea,  folits  ocatis  apice  attcnuatis 
rigidiuscuUs  dcmum  glabris,  peduncuUs  ax'dlari-tcrminalibus  trichotomis 
panmdatis  floribusquc  rufo-velutinis. — Decand.,  Prod.,  vol.  iii.  p.  257. 

C.  ciiytraculia.  Arborea,  pcdimndis  terminaUbiis  trichotomis  tomcntos'is, 
foliis  ovatis  apice  attcnuatis. — Swautz,  Prod.,  p.  79;  Flor.  Ind.  Occid., 
vol.  ii.  p.  921. 


*  The  naino  from  xakunrpa,  a  veil,  and  avOu^,  a  jhnrer,  in  allusion  to  the  oper- 

culid  form  of  the  calyx. 

117 


;  I  ■ 


^j  ^i 


m 


'I'll  I 


m 


i'lii 


118 


FORKED    CALYTTRANT^TES. 


AfYKTiis  oilYTRACrrjA.  PcdiwruUs  dirjwiowis  pmiienhifis  hwoilofiis, 
fiilUs  f/nvhii.'!  SKbnrotl.f  fcvnihifdthii.v. — Ltnx.,  AmcRii.  Aradom.,  vol.  v. 
p.  308.     SwAiiTZ,  Obscrv.,  p.  202. 

ChytramVa  arbnrca,  foUis  orofh  f/Iahm  npposHis,  raccmis  krminaUhus. 
— BiiowN,  Jiimaic,  j..  2B0,  t.  37,  fiff.  2. 

EUOKNIA  PALLKNS?      PoiRKT,  Suppl.,  vol.  iii.  p.  122. 

This  plant  forms  an  elegant  and  curious  small  tree,  with  hard 
Avood,  and  in  Jamaica  is  accounted  an  excellent  timber;  but  the 
tnuiks  seldom  exceed  fourteen  or  fifteen  inches  in  diameter. 
In  Jamaica  it  is  found  in  the  dry  mountain-lands;  it  is  also 
indigenous  to  the  islands  of  St.  Thomas  and  Guadaloupe,  and  it 
has  now  also  been  found  on  Key  West  by  Dr.  Blodgett. 

The  branches  appear  to  be  covered  with  a  gray  and  smooth 
bark.  The  leaves,  when  in  bud,  as  well  as  the  young  branches, 
flower-stalks,  and  calyx,  are  clad  with  a  short,  soft,  ferruginous 
down,  Avhich  wholly  disappears  fnmi  the  leaves  as  they  advance 
in  their  development;  they  are  of  a  hmceolate-ovate  form, 
narrowed  into  a  short  petiole  below;  above,  acuminate  but 
obtuse ;  beneath  they  are  distinctly  pennate-nerved,  and  too 
opaque  to  admit  the  light  through  the  resinous  glands  with 
which  they  are  nevertheless  jjrovided :  they  are  about  two 
inches  long  by  an  inch  in  width.  The  flowering  panicles  are 
trichotomous,  usually  terminal,  and  considerably  ramified.  The 
flowers  arc  small  and  whitish,  from  the  color  of  the  stamens. 
The  calyx  is  ferruginous  and  tomentose,  formed  of  a  small 
obovate  even  cup;  the  whole  border,  separating  in  a  circular 
manner,  flies  over  to  one  side,  in  the  form  of  a  rounded  petal, 
from  whence  issue  the  rnnnerous  filifoi'm  stamens  with  small 
whitish  anthers.  The  germinal  fruit  appears  small,  dry,  and 
tomentose ;  but  I  ain  unacqua  inted  with  it  in  a  ripe  state. 

PLATE   XXVI. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     u.  A  Jiuicir  mogtiifieil,  showing  the  lateral 
adhevi'ine  of  flit'  lit/  of  Ihe  inlij.r. 


E  U  (>  E  N  I  A.* 

(Micinai,  Linn.) 


Natural  Order,  Myrtace.e.     Llmioiau  Classljication,  Icosandria, 

MONOGYNIA. 

The  tube  of  the  caljix  ronndisli,  with  the  border  deeply  4-partcd. 
Pelah  four.  Slanims  many,  free.  Ooiri/  2  to  3-celled,  the  cells 
containing  several  ovules.  Bern/  sub-globose,  crowned  with  the 
persisting  calyx ;  when  mature,  1  or  rarely  2-celled.  Seeds  one  or 
two,  roundish  and  large.  The  cmhrjjo  pseudo-monocotyledonous, 
the  cofyledons  very  thick  and  wholly  blended  together,  the  radicle 
more  or  less  distinct  and  vM-y  short. 

These  are  trees  or  shrubs  mostly  indigenous  to  the  Caribbean  Is- 
lands, or  the  warmor  parts  of  America.  The  leaves  and  inflores- 
cence are  very  similar  to  those  of  the  Myrtles. 


*  So  named  in  honor  of  Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy,  who  was  a  protecter  and 
encourager  of  botany,  and  possessed  a  botanic  garden. 


^ij^iiiijiiii 

■1 


li'h  r 


I 


.1*: 


119 


111'  I 


Il  '  I 


i  i 


.J  'I 


.i!f 


i»  i 


m  '4 


■•■  I 


I  .'i 
iii 


SMALL-LEAYEI)   EUGENIA. 

Eugenia  diciiotoma.  Ptdiinridis  axiUaribas  opposUls  d  sublcniiiiKililni.^ 
folio  loi)(jiur(ljii,s  hifulis  aid  his  hijidis,  Jloribiifi  in  dichnloniiis  ,vc.v.v///V/'/,v 
ccekris  iKdicdldlis,  foliis  dliidiro-binaulatis  ba.si  attcniudis  pdlucida- 
jxuivtatis,  udidtis  tjl'(hris,  junioribiis  ulriiiqiu:  ramulis  cali/cibu.sqac  pnhts. 
centibus. — BiiCAND.,  Prod.,  vol.  iii,  p.  278. 

Myrtus  dirliotoma. — Vulil !  MSS.,  I'oiukt,  Supplcni.,  vol.  iv.   p.  .'>'■)': 

[i  FUACiUANS,  folds  onUis  i/lubris.      Kl'dKMA    KKAQUANri.      AVlLM).,  Sp. 

PI.,  vol.  ii.  p.  !J(i4.      liot,  Miigaz.,  t.  1212.     ii'.  tnontana,  Aubl., 
Giiiaii.,  vol.  i.  [».  41);'),  t.  I'JoV 
EiKiENiA  dino'icidd,  liAM.,  Kiicyc,  p.  202. 

This  elegant  and  fragrant  s[)ec;ie.s  of  Eugenia,  resembling  a 
Myrtle,  becomeH,  at  Key  West,  according  to  Dr.  Blodgett.  u 
tree.  It  is  also  indigenous  to  the  islands  of  St.  Domingo  iind 
(Juba,  where  specimens  have  been  collected  by  Poileau  and  La 
tSagra.  The  variety  fniiji'aiiH  (for  such  1  must  (consider  it)  is  a 
native  of  the  high  mountains  in  the  southern  part  of  Jamaica 
and  Martini({ue,  and,  if  the  same  with  Aublet's  E.  monfaiid, 
is  also  a  native  of  (luiaua.  Tiic  K  Jhit/rdnfi  has  many  yeiirs 
since  been  collected  by  Dr.  Baldwin,  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
Smyrna,  in  East  Florida. 

The  wood  of  J'J.  t/inirl(of<i,  according  to  Lamarck,  is  hard, 
close-grained,  and  reddish,  and  is  much  esteemed  for  articles  of 
furniture.  The  wood  of  the  Klori(hi  Trc!(^  is  exactly  similiir; 
while  that  of  I'J.  iiioiikma,  aci'ording  to  Aublet,  is  hard,  com- 
pact, and  white. 

The  l)rnnches  of  the  plant  now  figured  are  covered  with  a 
smooth,  light-gray  or  silvery  bark,  and  at  the  summits  iirc 
crowded  with  small,  shining,  almost  o|)a(pie,  leaves,  but  yet 
interspersed  with  the  usuid  reHinr)us  vesicles  of  the  genus;  tlu'y 
are  from  ri'  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length,  and  about 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  breadth,  mostly  elli|)tic  or  elliptic- 

I'JU 


bfrnniiKililiii.^ 

IIS    SCSSlllllil.-: 

i.s    fcKuciilii- 

IIS<ltlC  piibis- 


IV.     p.   •)'■>''. 
WlLhl).,  Sp. 

tana,  Auui,., 


oseinl)lin^  a 
IJl()dj>vtt.  a, 
()inin;z<>  and 
toaii  and  La 
sider  it)  is  a 
b  of  Jamaica 
E.  moiifaii((, 
many  years 
lity  oi'  New 

rck,  is  hard, 
)!'  articli's  of 
rtly  Hiniilar; 
A  hard,  coni- 

/croJ  with  a 
siiimnits  an- 
,voH.  but  yet 
{.a'lins;  they 
h,  and  nhoul 
ic  or  <'lli|>lii'- 


^il 


li 


ii  1  '■'      ■  '.'      i 

:  'I'M  i  ■    I']     Ii 

I'l  Wvii 

^'^     -!■  'mI    'i 

'  ''  ! 

is    '  1 

'^'a 

^ 

jit 

k 

^k 

r    ^^^F^\  /fl 

> 

^ 

^ 

^^ 

1  i  ;N 

^   .     i 

tiSk' 

^ 

1  ';ra  :        11                              Siihi^/  Uii4<</  h'H^inta 

I'liiiniia   liivliuioiiiM  . 

til  Ml' 

/  ihvhi'U'ini 

M  ■ '  i  1  ^'^ '' 

ri  WMi 


|l:    ! 


,  ;|i 


'h'irii 


\A 


i,li 


l< 


i)  t 


II 


. .  1 

''I 

1 
■  t 

t 

i 

t 

1 

i 

1 

ii ' 
1 

1 

I      ,* 


p.  M 


I! 


SMALL-LEAVED     EUGENIA. 


121 


oblong,  and  always  narrowed  below ;  sometimes  they  are  nearly 
lanceolate  and  obtuse  at  the  point ;  scarcely  any  veins  are  visi- 
ble on  either  side,  but  the  midrib  is  prominent  lieneath.  Tho 
voinig  leaves,  buds,  peduncles,  and  calyx  are  clothed  with  a 
close,  short,  hoary  pubescence,  which  in  the  variety  fraijraii'^ 
is  much  less  distinct  or  almost  wanting.  The  peduncles  are 
axillary,  coming  out  toward  the  summits  of  the  branches,  and 
are  of  various  lengths,  sometimes  only  a  little  longer  than  the 
leaves,  at  other  times  crowded  into  trichotomous  branchlets 
two  or  three  times  longer  than  the  leaves ;  in  their  most  simple 
form,  except  by  the  abortion  of  the  lateral  buds,  they  terminate 
in  three  flowers,  the  central  one  sessile  in  the  fork,  and  the 
lateral  ones  on  longish,  diverging  pedicels ;  at  other  times  the 
peduncles  are  twice  trifid,  or  even  more  ramified,  and  lengthened 
out  vei'y  much  in  the  progressive  ripening  of  the  fruit.  The 
segments  of  the  calyx  are  always  four,  broad  and  rounded, 
covered  with  resinous  cists  or  vesicles,  and  pubescent  or  ciliate 
on  the  margins.  The  petals  are  likewise  rounded  or  concave, 
whitish,  with  a  tinge  of  red.  The  stamens  are  numerous. 
Style  simple  and  sul)ulate.  The  beiT}'  at  length  only  1-seeded. 
There  are  a  pair  of  minute,  subulate  bractes  under  the  base  of 
each  flowei*-bud,  but  so  deciduous  that  they  are  seldom  to  be 
seen. 

One  of  the  specimens  of  the  variety  fraymns,  from  New 
Smyrna,  has  very  slender  twigs ;  and  on  the  same  specimen 
there  ar(>  obtuse  and  very  Kharply-avute  leaves.  In  this  also 
the  peduncles  are  chiefly  axillary.  This  plant  is  nearly  as 
fragrant  as  the  common  Myrtle. 

PLATE  XXVn. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  Tlnji^m'ir  a  littlf  cn(<tr(/i(L    (>.  The  berry, 

of  the  natural  she. 

IV.— 8* 


i 


\\\\ 


m 


!   II      : 


■m 


m 


1 
1      t 

1  l^f' 

1  ;, 

,  :i  ,  :  ■ 

1  1 

1  i! 

1  t 

1  lil 

ilH 

TALL   EUGENIA. 


Mi      ' ;    'i 


I  • 


Eugenia  procera.  Pnlicdlls  nnijioris  axlllarihus  2—i-confcr(is  folio 
hrtfiiiriliiis  suh  fore,  hihractrolalls,  foliis  ovatis  obtuse  acioiiinads  rn- 
misque  (jlahrls. — Poiuet,  Siippl.  Eiicyc,  vol.  ii.  p.  129.  Dkca.vh., 
Prod.,  vol.  iii.  p.  2(18. 

Myrti's  pkooera.  Pcdtini'iilis  covfcriis  axillaribus  taiijforis,  foUis  ovalis 
acuininalis  j)l(()ik  f/lahris,  ramis  vircjatis,  caule  arhorco. — Swartz,  Prod., 
p.  77.  Flor.  Ind.  Occideut,  vol.  ii.  p.  887.  Willd.,  Sp.  pi., 
vol.  iv.  p.  908. 

This  is  another  plant  with  the  aspect  of  a  Myrtle,  wliich 
becomes  a  tree  and  attains  an  elevation  of  twenty  to  thirty 
feet.  It  was  discovered  by  Swartz  in  the  forests  of  the  interior 
of  Hispaniola.  It  is  likewise  indigenous  to  the  islands  of  Mar- 
tinique and  Santa  Cruz,  and  has  now  been  found  common  on 
Key  West  by  the  same  gentleman  who  met  with  the  pre- 
ceding species. 

The  wood  appears  to  be  white  and  close-grained.  Tlie  twigs 
are  clothed  with  a  light  gray,  almost  white  and  silvery,  bark, 
and  are  spreading  and  sometimes  zigzag.  The  leaves  are  on 
short  petioles  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long  by 
an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  wide,  ovate-acuminate,  and  ob- 
tuse, rather  oparpie,  nearly  scentless,  though  provided  with  the 
usual  resinous  vesicles,  and  from  the  bud  they  are  perfectly 
smooth.  The  (lowers  are  said  to  be  fragrant,  and  come  out  ou 
separate  axillary  peduncles,  from  two  to  four  together ;  the 
peduncles  at  first  are  not  more  than  three  or  four  lines  long, 
but  grow  out  at  length  to  the  extent  of  half  an  inch.  Tiie  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  are  four,  rounded  and  broad,  rough,  with 
aromatic  vesicles,  but  smooth.  The  petals,  four,  are  rounded 
and  concave,  slightly  ciliated,  and  appear  to  have  been  reddish 
Avhite.  Stamens  numerous,  the  anthers  whitish.  The  berry 
ppherical,  brownish  yellow,  about  the  size  of  a  grain  of  black 


'^rrlis  foJii) 
iiiiiKlis  rn- 
Uia'AM)., 

fuUis  or/it !.■< 

KTZ,  Trod., 

,    Sp.  pi., 

tie,  which 
to  thirty 
lie  interior 
lis  of  Mar- 
omiuon  on 
1   tlic  pre- 


The  twigs 
very,  bark, 
A'es  are  on 
les  long  l)y 
to,  and  ob- 
'd  with  the 
e  perfectly 
ome  out  ou 
;ether ;    the 

linos  long, 
.  The  seg- 
rough,  with 
ire  rounded 
cen  reddish 

The  berry 
lin  of  Itlack 


i;i:! 


!l    ' 


:   I 


,  ii; 


:i> 


i 


;,       ■    'I    ^ 


!'!! 


■■hi 

v 


JII 


I"l  NXVIll, 


rjrrrrjr 


III/   I.  mil' II I II 


Kmit'lll;!  |M(Mrrit 


/<!  /ii/i,i.iii  r  f/rti' 


mm  \k 


:!    i9 


1 


illllll! 


1   f 


1    !,.; 


m 


i'iHl 


i 


1 1       If 


i  :i   If 


I  1 1 


;i:i 


i,l 


f  ■  'J 


I 


\:l 


^jr' 


;l  f 


If' 


■I  ! 


f^4 


■  I;. -'Ill 


M'i  I 


(5 


li! 


:     I,      i^ 


) 


!  I 


■Iffl    !    ! 


!•: 


iip'niiii  luixiloliii 


ri.xxix 


//(»i"  Iriiyrit  Hiii/iiiiii . 


hilliliDSi'vr  II  li'iiilliwililiiiix. 


I'l.XXIX 


► 


!i.'i  r 


ill 


I  'I 


!ll  1 J 


( Jl 


H 


J 


i'  tir  liiii.v 


.  li 


i'  i 


I 


BUX-LEAVED    EUGENIA. 


123 


popper,  .studded  over  with  numerous  glands  or  aromatic  cists, 
and  crowned  with  the  broad,  persisting  border  of  the  calyx;  at 
iirst  2-celled,  with  several  ovules ;  at  length  the  berry  is  only 
1-seeded ;  the  seed  large,  with  no  distinct  cotyledons.  It 
llowers  in  April.  The  size  of  the  leaves  appears  to  vary,  so 
that  in  some  specimens  they  are  uniformly  only  about  half  the 
dimensions  we  have  given. 

PLATE  XXVIII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size  and  of  the  large-leaved  kind.     a.  A  cluster  of 

the  berries. 


BOX-LEAYED   EUGENIA. 

EuoKNlA  BUXIFOIJA.    Pcdunculis  o.rilhmbijs  rnmn.'ii.-i  mnllljbms  brcrls^inii.o, 

prdli'iilis  sub  Jlore  bibractcolatis,  foUis  obonito-oblmitp's  nbtusis  Imsi  olk- 

iiiKilis  opacis  sublus  pKnctufis  7ii"rr/ine  sidirirohifis. — DEr.AXi).,  I'rod., 

vol.  ill.  p.  27r).     VViiJ.D.,  Sp.  pi.,  vitl.  ii.  p.  WO. 
MvuTUS   BUXiKoLiA.     Jtdcmiulis  i;rr/.v.v///(/.s    cnnfr/is   arllliirlbii.^,  fnliis 

cunraiis  oblunffis  oblusis  com'cxiuscHlis. — Swautz,  Prod.,  p.  7S.     Flor. 

TihI.  Occid.,  vol  ii.  p.  890.     71/.  niontirn/n .'  ^w .\nr/.,  Flor.  Iiid.  Oucid., 

vol.  ii.  p.  8!>8. 
Myutis  axillaris.     PiiTRKT,  Diet.,  vol.  iv.  p.  412,  (iioii  Swartz.)     31. 

I'o'nrH.  Sprfrng.  Syst.,  vol.  ii.  p.  48:?. 

This  plant,  also  a  native  of  Cuba,  St.  Domingo,  and  Jamaica, 
lias  been  observed  at  Key  West  by  Dr.  lilodgi'tt,  when;  it  is  very 
nnnuKm  in  sterile  places,  allecting  the  vicinity  of  the  sea,  and 
l)('coining  a  tree  of  about  twenty  feet  in  height,  with  a  hard, 
wliite.  close-grained  wood.  Thr  bark  is  wliitisji-giay  and  even; 
ill!'  twigs  are  slender,  an»l  chit'llv  clotlictl   with    leaves  toward 


m\\ 


h'i'i 


'\\ 


ill  I 


I;; 


iiili 


!  :1 


HI 

t 


\  I 


124 


BOX-LEAVED    EUGENIA. 


their  summits ;  they  are  wedge-oblong,  sometimes  almost  lanceo- 
late, obtuse,  and  always  narrowed  below  into  a  minute  petiole, 
so  that  they  appear  to  be  nearly  sessile,  above  of  a  darki;-!|i 
green  and  somewhat  shining,  beneath  dull  and  paler,  slenderly 
nerved  beneath,  somewhat  opaque,  punctate,  and  slightly  revo- 
lute  on  the  margin ;  they  are  about  one  and  a  half  inches  long  by 
one-half  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch  wide.  The  flowers  are  vciy 
small,  in  axillary  branching  clusters  of  three  to  seven  together 
on  the  minute  and  verj'  short  bracteate  raceme ;  there  are  two 
minute  bracteoles  under  each  flower;  the  calyx  as  well  as  the 
petals  are  studded  with  resinous  glands,  and  the  latter  are  more 
than  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  The  calyx,  racemes,  and 
minute  branchlets  are  covered  with  a  close  brownish  pubescence. 
The  flowers  are  polygamous,  on  nmny  specimens  sterile,  though 
furnished  with  the  pistillum ;  and  many  of  the  flowering  clusters 
are  produced  on  the  naked  branches  where  they  have  been  pre- 
ceded by  the  former  leaves.  The  berry  is  dark  brown,  covered 
with  resinous  glands  or  .  '^cs,  about  the  size  of  a  grain  of  blade 
pepper,  and  when  mature  contains  one  or  moi'e  (rarely  two) 
large  seeds  in  one  or  two  cells,  with  blended,  inseparable  coty- 
ledons. 

PLATE   XXIX. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  A  Jtmar  enlarged,     h.  The  herry.    c.  A 

berry  with  tvio  cells. 


)st  lancco- 

te  petiole, 

a  darkish 

slenderly 

;litly  revo- 

es  long  by 

:s  arc  very 

n  together 

re  are  two 

yell  as  the 

»r  are  more 

cemes,  and 

3ubescence. 

.'ile,  though 

ing  clusters 

,'e  been  pre- 

wn,  covered 

xin  of  black 

rarely  two) 

larable  coty- 


Hl! 


11! 


c  berry,    c  A 


;i!  :  .  l! 


II     '    .  ■! 


\.    \\. 


i 


i 


■r.!rl! 


'V)      i 


1:1       I 


'  I  ■ 
I       I  i 


:i  ili 


i       I'.'' 


i': 


fl  ' : 


,i! 


:l  I      :.:  il 


iiM 


T«'nnili:ili;i    t';H;i|i|tii 
/iii/iiiii  .l/m>>iiit  I'liiiliiinur  i/<-  •  ifii/,i//iir 


I'l  ;\.\\ii. 


Vy  I 


i/ii/ii/fitr 


I ;! 


:i!    I':,    f 


i 


S      I 


Iff 


^■.Jl 


INDIAN  ALMOND. 


Natural  Order,  Combretace/B,  (R.  Brown.)     Linncean  Glassificor 
lion,  Decandria,  Moxogynia. 

TERMmALIA.    (Linn.  Decand.) 

Flowers  often  polygamous  from  abortion. — Border  of  the  calyx  deci- 
duous, campanulate,  5-cleft,  the  divisions  acute.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  ten,  in  a  double  row,  longer  than  the  calyx.  Ovary  with 
two  or  three  ovules.  Style  filiform,  somewhat  act  i-c.  Di'iipe  not 
crowned  by  the  calyx,  often  dry,  indehiscent,  1-seeded.  The  seed 
resembling  an  almond.     Cotyledons  spirally  convolute. 

Trees  of  the  largest  size  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite 
leaves,  crowded  toward  the  extremities  of  the  branches,  and  hence 
the  generic  name.  Flowers  in  spikes ;  the  spikes  in  racemes  or 
panicles,  bir  jxual  in  the  lower  part,  and  male  in  the  upper. 

§  I.  Catappa,  (G.-crtner.)  The  di'iqye  compressed,  xoith  the  margin 
umged  or  nmch  attenuated. 


CATAPPA,  OR  INDIAN  ALMOND. 

Tkuminalia  CATArpA.  FolUs  obomtis  basi  attenuatis  subtus  molUter  pubes- 
cenlllius,  (jiandnlis  mhiimis  subtus  in  basi  folii  ad  lotus  ncrri  medii.— 
Dkcand.,  Prod.,  vol.  iii.  p.  IL    Linn.,  Mantis.,  p.  510. 

Teuminalia  CATAPi'A.  Leaves  about  the  extromitios  of  the  branch- 
lets  on  short  petioles,  obovate,  cuneate,  and  attenuated,  at  tli<^  sumo 

time  slightly  cordate  at   the   base,  a   little  rei)and,  witli   a   large 

125 


126 


C  A  T  A  r  r  A,    OR    INDIAN     ALMOND, 


r  i 


':.■  i:  -M 


deprt'sscd  gland  beneath  on  eacli  side  tlie  ruidril)  near  tlio  base; 
racemes  axillary,  solitary,  sinijilo,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  driipi^ 
oval,  compressed,  glabrous,  Avith  elevated  navicular  margins,  convex 
on  both  sides. — Arnot,  i'rod.  Ind.  Orient.,  vol.  i.  p.  313.  Jacquin's 
Ic.  Rar.,  vol.  i.  tab.  197.  La.m.,  Illust.  tab.  848,  tig.  1.  Adainarian, 
liiiEED,  Flora  Malabarica,  vol.  iv.  tabs.  3  and  4.  Tobrky  and  Grav, 
Flor.  N.  Amor.,  vol.  i.  p.  485. 

According  to  Torrcy  and  Griiy,  Dr.  Ilasler  has  discovered  this 
splendid  tree  in  Southern  Florida.  A  variety  of  it  is  known  to 
exist  in  the  Caribbean  Islands,  which  Humboldt  and  Kunth 
imagined  to  be  introduced;  but  for  this  supposition  there  is  pro- 
bably no  sufficient  ground,  as  Poiteau  collected  it  in  the  forests 
of  St.  Domingo,  of  which  I  have  a  specimeix  now  before  me.  A 
near  congener,  if  not  the  same  thing,  was  found  in  Guiana  by 
Aublet, — his  Tanllx)uca;  yet  the  favorite  region  of  its  existence  is 
in  the  tropical  forests  of  India,  on  the  sandy  and  gravelly  coasts 
of  Malabar,  and  in  the  island  of  Java;  it  there  becomes,  accord- 
ing to  Kheed,  a  very  large  and  splendid  tree  of  a  pyramidal 
form,  like  that  of  a  lofty  Spruce,  tiie  leafy  summit  being  com- 
posed of  almost-horizontal  branches  disposed  in  circular  stages. 
Its  wood  is  white,  very  hard,  covered  with  a  smooth  gray  barlv 
which  is  red  within.  The  leaves,  situated  near  to  the  extremi- 
ties of  the  branchlets,  six  or  seven  together,  at  intervals,  form 
circular  clusters  of  great  regularity;  they  are  about  six  to  nine 
inches  long  by  three  to  five  wide,  of  an  inversely-ovoid  or 
cuneate-oval  figure,  widening  toward  the  summit,  where  they 
become  almost  round,  with  a  short,  abrupt,  slanting  point  in  the 
centre,  narrowed  and  somewhat  cordate  at  the  base,  nearly 
entire,  or  obscurely  though  sometimes  very  distinctly  crenulated 
on  the  border,  green  and  smooth  above,  slightly  pubescent 
beneath;  the  young  leaves  and  shoots,  as  well  as  the  petioles, 
clothed  with  a  brown  and  close  tomentum.  The  flowers  are 
small,  without  scent,  of  a  whitish  green,  and  disposed  in  great 
numbers  in  several  almost  terminal  axillary  slender  spikes;  they 


1:1 1 


CAT  ATP  A,    Oil    INDIAN     ALMOND. 


127 


are  nearly  sessile,  with  caducous,  concave,  oval,  pointed  bractcs. 
The  calyx  contains  Ji  small,  very  hairy,  5-toothed  cup.  The  spikes 
are  not  as  long  as  the  leaves.  The  fruit  is  an  elliptic  shell,  a 
little  compressed,  gla])r()us,  surrounded  with  an  elevated  margin, 
convex  on  both  sides,  aud  reddish  brown  when  mature.  This 
dry  drupe  includes  an  oblong,  very  hard  nut,  of  one  cell,  con- 
taining a  white  kernel,  of  a  taste  approaching  to  that  of  the 
filbert-nut,  but  more  oily  and  soluble. 

In  India  it  is  also  cultivated  in  gardens.  The  large  almond- 
like  kernels  of  its  nuts  are  eaten  and  served  at  the  best  tables. 
An  oil  is  obtained  from  the  kernels  by  expression,  similar  to  that 
of  the  olive,  which  is  said  never  to  become  rancid.  It  is  made 
also  into  emulsions  like  almonds.  The  Indians  empk)y  the 
leaves  medicinally  for  indigestion,  bilious  affections,  and  other 
maladies. 

PLATE   XXXIL 

A  svudl  bmvrh  of  the  nahiml  size.     n.  The  flower,     h.  The  nut. 


TennlnoUa  Brnzoui,  has  a  milky  sap,  and  was  believed  to  pro- 
duce the  Benzoic  acid,  which,  however,  is  now  doubted. 

Another  of  the  species,  Tcnnijialid  vcrnix,  is  said  to  afford  the 
celebrated  Chinese  and  Japanese  varnish  used  in  their  lacquer- 
ware.  This  tree  grows  on  the  nu)untains  of  several  of  the 
southern  provinces  of  Cliiua,  and  in  the  Moluccas.  It  possesses 
a  lactescent  juice,  which,  as  well  as  its  exhalations  even,  are  said 
to  be  deleterious;  but  the  keruels  of  its  fruits,  like  those  of  the 
Catappa,  are  perfectly  harudcss  and  agreeable.  At  Batavia, 
regular  plantations  ai'c  made  of  the  Trrmriiah'd  Mohtceana,\n  the 
gardens  and  places  of  public  resort,  for  the  sake  of  its  agreeabk' 
shade. 


i  ''I 


ijilinit 
'I 

I;  I 


i;  i    I 


ill!!  1;:    ..Sit 


mum 


II  :t 


iltiiiii 

1 1 


m 


'[     1 


CONOCARPUS.' 

(GiERTNEU.) 


!    !' 


I         !li 


Natural  Order,  CoMBR^TACEiE.    Linnmxit  Classification,  Pentan- 

DKIA,  MONOGYNIA. 

The  flowers  densely'  aggregated  in  globular  or  oblong  spike-liko 
aments. — Tube  of  the  calyx  about  tlii'  length  of  the  ovary,  per- 
sistent; the  border  5-cleft.  Pdals  none.  Stamens  five  to  ten,  ex- 
serted;  the  anthers  heart-shaped.  Ovary  compressed,  containing 
two  ovules.  The  fruits  coriaceous,  corky,  and  scale-like,  closely 
imbricated,  and  indehiscent.     Cotyledons  spirally  convolute. 

Small  maritime  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate,  entire,  somewhat 
coriaceous  leaves.  Heads  of  flowers  pedunculated,  axillary,  or  termi- 
nal, solitary  or  in  panicles. 


!  i 


BUTTON  TREE. 

CoNOCARPUS  ERECTA.  FoUis  ohlongis  utrivquc  aoiowiatis  sa^piiis  hasi 
bif/landulosis,  capitulis  paniculafis. — Decand.,  Prod.,  vol.  ii.  p.  16. 
Jacq.,  Amer.,  p.  78,  t.  52.     Catesby's  Caroliiui,  t.  33. 

a  arborca. — Decaxd.,  1.  c. 

Conocarpus  crccia.  Fruits  retrorsely  imbricated  in  a  subglobose  head, 
somewhat  boat-shaped,  scarcely  winged ;  tube  of  the  calyx  not 
produced  beyond  the  ovary;  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  mostly  acute 
or  acuminate  at  each  end,  usually  with  two  glands  at  the  base; 
heads  panicled. — Torrey  and  Gray,  Flor.  N.  Amer.,  vol.  i.  p.  485. 


*  From  xiui/o?,  a  cone,  aud  xapT:u<;,  a  fruit,  its  fruit  resciubling  the  cone  of  au 

Alder. 

128 


Pentan- 


spike-liko 
vary,  per- 
:o  ten,  ex- 
c'Oiitaiiiing 
ce,  closely 
ite. 

somewhat 
r,  or  tcrmi- 


scepiiis  hasi 
.  ii.  p.  16. 


obose  head, 
1  calyx  not 
lostly  acute 
t  the  base; 
A.  i.  p.  485. 

)i2  cone  of  an 


i    I 


iH 


■I  !i 


i||'l!l 


!<! 


4 


1  I' 


II 


1  i 

■i 
'1   ; 

■j 

■  )>      j 

'■i        !■ 

j 

1 

i 

1   ■         i  j         ■ 

1 

, 

f    !    . 

1 

B  U  T  T  0  N     T  REE. 


129 


Maughala  arbor  Carasmxka  folds  mVijnls. — IIehm.,  Parad.  But.     CoM- 

MEiJN,  Ilort.  Anist.,  p.  115,  cum.  ic. 
Alnus  ynnritima  vitjriifoUa  coriariorum. — Pluk.,  Alniao:..  IS,  t.  2-iO,  f.  8. 
Adii  fructu  laurifoUa  arbor  maritima. — Sloaxe,  Jam.  Hist.,  ii.  p.  18,  t. 

IGl,  f.  2. 
Jnmminatu. — Plum.,  ic.  135,  t.  114,  f.  2. 

This  i.s  iiiiothcr  tropical  West  Indian  tree  which  the  southern 
extremity  of  East  Florida  has  aflbrded.  It  has  been  observed 
on  the  shore  of  Key  West.  Southern  Florida,  and  around  Tampa 
IJay.  In  the  West  Indies,  like  the  Mangrove,  with  which  it 
grows,  and  for  a  kind  of  which  it  is  taken  by  the  Spaniards, 
who  call  it  Manifle  Sarat/oza,  it  affects  the  low  sand}-  and  nuiddy 
shores  near  the  sea,  where  it  becomes  an  erect  tree  about  thirty 
leet  high,  with  the  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  having  a  smooth, 
whitish-gray  bark  and  angular  branchlets.  In  South  America 
it  also  exists  on  the  coast  of  Guayaquil,  and  in  Chili,  near  Val- 
paraiso. In  a  country  where  the  iinest  kinds  of  wood  are  so 
connnon,  that  of  the  Button  Tree  is  little  esteemed,  and  it  is, 
therefore,  only  used  for  fuel;  it  is,  however,  fine  and  close- 
grained,  in  the  briinches  brownish  white,  capaljle  of  a  high 
polish,  with  scarcely  any  visible  annual  layers,  and  made  up 
almost  wholly  of  dotted  medullary  rays.  The  general  aspect  of 
its  inflorescence,  and,  indeed,  its  closely-imbricated  inelegant 
heads  of  Uowers,  lead  us  almost  to  compare  it  with  some  of  (lie 
AiiKiikirt'v,  particidarly  the  Alder,  while  its  real  relations  are  to 
the  present  family,  which  includes  in  the  Cimihnftiiii  itself,  and 
the  singularly-s[»lendid  Ciifoiicltt  of  Aublet,  some  of  the  most 
elegant  ami  beautiful  of  plants. 

The  bark  is  gray,  bitterish,  and  astringent,  and  no  doubt 
medicinal.  The  leaves,  of  a  yellowish  green,  are  from  two  to 
three  inches  long,  three-quarti'rs  to  an  inch  broad,  acute  at  each 
end,  very  smooth,  and  on  short  petioles,  which  have  frequently 
two  glands  at  the  base.  The  flowers,  for  which  butterflies  have 
a  great   predilection,  are   very  inconspicuous,  greenish  yellow, 

\  .11..  IV.— u 


am 


i  i' 


Ii!! 


Mi'll' 


'■  t  * 


Ms 
jl 

'  t' 

■  r 

I 

i     i; 


!    U 


i      <J.t 


I  i 

!    :   !   i 


i*||i^ 


r-: 


:i 


130 


BUTTON     TREE. 


small,  and  collected  into  gloliose  heads,  in  axillary  and  terminal 
few-flowered  panicles  on  pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  capi- 
tuli.  The  heads  at  length  become  reddish;  the  capsules  are 
small  and  scale-like,  corky,  dilated  ellii)tic,  internally  con.  avo, 
Avith  broad,  thin,  carinated  margins,  and  are  very  often  abortive, 
never  more  than  1-seeded,  and  pubescent  at  the  summit. 

The  island  of  Cuba  affords  another  allied  but  very  distinct 
species,  which  may  be  the  C.  p-ocumhens  of  Jacquin,  put  down 
as  a  variety  of  the  present  by  Decandolle;  the  calyx,  however, 
is  almost  entirely'  smooth,  with  very  acute  segments,  and  the 
leaves  are  sharply  apiculated,  and  sometimes  obtuse  with  a 
short  point.  In  this  the  wood  appears  to  be  very  hard,  and  as 
close-grained  as  mahogany,  of  a  dull  white,  inclining  to  gray, 
witli  a  delicate  feathered  appearance,  and  a  thick  bark,  gray 
externally  and  blackish  within. 

According  to  Prince  Maximilian,  the  bark  of  the  Conrtcaypm 
racemom  (one  of  the  plants  called  Mangrove  in  Brazil)  is  nuicli 
used  at  Rio  Janeiro  for  tanning. 

PLATE   XXX  ril. 

A  branch  of  the  valimd  she,     a.   The  fairer,     h.   Tlie  fniit,  of  the 
iialimtl  size,     e.    The  sroitc  maepiifint. 


SILKY  BUTTON   TREE. 

CoNOCARi'US  ERECTA.  f  SERicEA,  (Foi'ster,  ill  hcrb.  rileril.)  Fd'ds 
obknKjis  atrinque  acumbudis  ad  tdramque  j>uginam  eiiaiii  adultls  ad- 
■prc!<st  vUloso-scrkds. — Dkcaxd.,  Prod.,  vol.  iii.  p.  16. 

Mamjle  folits  oblongis  inkfjm  utrinqne  molli  lanwjim  holosericca  obduciis. — 
Sloane,  Hist.  Jam.,  vol.  ii.  p.  G7,  tab.  187,  fig.  2. 

According  to  Sloaue,  tliis  tree  is  known  in  Jamaica  by  the 
name  of  the  White  Mangrove,  and  attains  tlie  height  of  twenty 
feet,  having  white  wood  with  a  very  small  pith;  iHe  bark  i.^ 
also  smooth  and  whitish.  This  variet}',  or  species,  has  also 
been  found,  with  the  above,  at  Key  West,  in  East  Florida,  by 
Dr.  Blodgett.  We  do  not  see  any  thing  to  distinguish  it  as  a 
separate  species  from  the  erccfa  except  the  peculiar  silky, 
shining  pubescence  with  which  the  leaves  conthiue  to  be  clothed 
even  in  the  udult  state. 


m 


!  :ii 


I'll  I  ''I'M 


III 


i  1 


m 


1   •! 


M' 


i 


r 

'' 

1 

'li 

! 

■   :■ 

i 

1 

!;! 

fJEi 


i  ■; 


I ; 


i  J  I 


I'l    ;' 


|i       i'^ 


:Li 


i  ! 


1  I 


i  li 


LAGUNCULARIA.* 

(GiERTNER.) 


Natural   Order,  Combretacl    .     L'mncean  Classijuiation,  Decax- 

DKIA,  MONOGYNIA. 

Cali/x  border  persistinj;,  subcampanulute,  5-lobed.  Petals  five,  mi- 
nute, spreading,  and  caducous.  Stamens  five  or  ten,  in  two  scries, 
included.  Stjjle  subulate;  stigma  capitate.  Nut  margined,  coria- 
ceous, valveless,  1  or  2-seeded,  crowned  with  the  calyx.  Colyk- 
dons  convolute ;  the  radicle  very  long. 

A  tree  of  tlic  Cariliboau  Islands,  with  opposite,  elliptic,  smooth 
leaves.  Racervis  opposite,  many-flowered,  the  flowers  sessile,  fur- 
nished with  deciduous  bractcs;  the  calyx  bibracteolate  at  the  sum- 
mit. The  seed  germinating  within  the  nut.  A  genus  nearly  allied 
to  Lu.MNiTicEiiA  of  India, 


WHITE   MANGROVE. 

Laquxcularia  kackmosa.     Gartner,  til.  Carpol.,  vol.  iii.  p.  209,  t.  217. 

Decand.,  Prod.,  vol.  iii.  j).  17. 
CoNocAKiMS  KACEMOSA.     FoUls  lanccolato-ovatis  olitusiuscnlls,  fructilnis 

sajrrefatis. — Linn.,  ISp.  pi.     "NVilld.,  vol.  ii.  p.  l'{*5.     Swahtz,  OIjh., 

p.  70.     Jaci^.,  Amer.,  p.  80,  t.  .03. 


*  From  hiipinniln,  a  little  bottle,  Id  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  nut. 
132 


Deca.nt- 


five,  mi- 
Avo  sorios, 
leil,  coria- 
X.     Colijle- 


ic,  smootli 
ossile,  fur- 
it  the  sum- 
early  allied 


209,  t.  217. 

is,  fmcHbus 
Aim,  01)8., 


\e  nut 


|: 


lil 


!  1 1  ;!i 


ill    i: 


Ml 


:,i  I 


Hrlii 


S   -i 


I    ! 


M  ! 


I  iil;i| 


I       i! 


PI  XXXIY 


IH  I 


it 


■ !  ■  1 ' 


m 

M 


LaeuiKviUiJwi    nM'enios.j 


r/i.-    '',  .„ 


M'lniilii  '•  II  ifittpfif.f 


ll,-i 


in 


1 


iu 


I    .f  .' 


'■■I  11 


I  \ 


[i     .      i-  'i  I 


\V  II I  T  E     M  A  N  G  K  0  V  E. 


183 


Co)}oca)y>'s,  foUis  dh'p(im-orati<s,  pdioUs  hirjlandidosis,  raicmis  laxis,fruc- 

(ibus  scjundis. — Browne,  Jam.,  p.  159. 
Mdiifjle  juUfera,  ful'ds  dllptti'is  ex  adctrso  nasccntlbus. — Sloaxe,  Jam., 

p.  15G.     Hist.,  vol.  ii.  p.  QQ,  tab.  187,  f.  1.     Kaii,  Dcndr.,  p.  115. 
Si'iiExocARPUs. — RiciiAiu),  Anal.  Fr.,  p.  92. 
SciiousBOA  conmmtala. — Si'RENciEL,  Syst.  Vegct.,  vol.  ii.  p.  332. 

This  plant  is  a  native  of  the  sandy  and  muddy  shores  of  the 
Caribbean  Islands  and  the  neighboring  continent,  where  it  be- 
comes a  lofty,  branching  tree,  sometimes  dividing  into  three  or 
four  trunks  close  to  the  ground :  it  is  called  White  Mangrove 
l)y  the  English  inhabitants  of  these  islands.  Dr.  Blodgett  has 
sent  specimens  of  this  tree  also  from  Key  West,  iu  East 
Florida. 

The  branches  are  cylindric  and  brownish,  the  twigs  ferru- 
ginous ;  the  leaves  are  opposite  and  smooth,  about  three  inches 
long  and  an  inch  and  a  half  wide,  upon  short  petioles,  quite 
entire,  thick,  and  somewiiat  coriaceous,  elliptic  or  ovate,  obtuse, 
and  sometimes  emarginate,  with  a  pair  of  glands  near  the  sum- 
mit of  the  petiole,  and,  in  most  of  the  leaves,  toward  the  edge 
appear  a  number  of  raised  glandular  points,  which  are  closed 
or  open.  The  flowers  are  disposed  in  axillary  and  terminal 
elongated  racemes,  the  racemes  sometimes  trifid.  Flowers 
small,  sessile,  greenish  white ;  the  germ  pyriform,  and,  as  well 
as  the  short  border  of  the  calyx,  covered  with  a  short,  whitish, 
silky  pubescence.  Petals  five,  very  small  and  caducous.  Sta- 
mens five,  not  exsertcd.  The  germ  at  its  summit  with  two 
small,  dentiform  bracteoles,  the  bractes  themselves  short,  broad 
ovate,  and  caducous.  Style,  at  length  somewhat  exserted, 
with  a  small,  capitate  stigma.     Nut  1-seeded. 


PLATE  XXXIV. 

A  branch  of  (Iu:  natund,  .ti~r,     a.  The  vui  in  an  early  stage. 


i'lliii  ill 


RABEIT   BERllY. 


Natural  Order,  El^AGNeje,  (Jussieu.)     Lhinmai,  Classification, 

Dkecia,  Octandkia. 

SIIEPIIERBIA,*  (NuTTALL.)    HirrOPTIAE  (ruRsii.) 

Flowers  DicEcious. — Male  mlyx  4-cloft,  much  larger  than  that  of  the 
female.  Corolla,  none.  Stamina  eight,  alternating  with  a  torus  of 
eight  glands.  Female  flower  with  a  small  4-cleft,  superior,  campa- 
nulatc  caljx,  and  eight  glands.  Style  one;  sdcjma  oblique,  suhcapi- 
tate.    Bemj  ]\xicy,  1-seeded,  globose,  invested  with  the  fleshy  calyx. 

Small  trees,  spinescent  or  unarmed,  with  the  general  aspect  of 
ElccaijHUs.  Leaves  entire,  opposite,  clothed  with  silvery  and  ferru- 
ginous scales.  Flowers  small,  in  axillary  clusters,  or  in  spikes. 
Berries  pulpy,  diaphanous,  scarlet,  subacid. 


RABBIT   BERRY, 

OR 

WESTER]^   SHEPHERDIA. 

Bhepiierdia  augentea.  Folils  ohlongo-ovalis,  obtiisis,  glahris,  utrinquc 
argenieo-lcpklotis,  floribas  glomeratis. — Nutt.,  Gen.  Amer.,  vol.  ii. 
p.  240.  Loudon's  Encyc.  Plants,  p.  836,  Arboretum  et  Frutic, 
p.  1321,  lig.  1208.  IIookep.,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  138, 
tab,  178,  (well  illustrated.) 

HiPPOPiiAE  argcntca. — ^Pursh,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  p.  115. 

*  Named  in  honor  of  the  late  Mr.  Wni.  Sboplicvd,  then  curator  of  the  Liver- 
pool Untaniu  (Jarden.     A  most  scientific  gardener  and  skilful  cultivator. 
l:;4 


djicatlon, 


II.) 

Kit  of  the 
a  torus  of 
31',  caiupii- 
;,  subcapi- 
shy  calyx. 

aspect  of 
and  ferru- 
iii   spikes. 


7-is,  utrinquc 

er.,  vol.  ii. 

et  Friitic, 

ii.   p.   138, 


of  the  Liver- 
itor. 


I      I 


':ti. 


11 


I     ■ 


r 


:1  1. 


Sli('|iii«>i'tliii  iii'of iilcii 


li'it^ihi/  /ierri- 


I r(h>iixii'r  I'/'i/Hi.'i 


ii 


I  r  ,  M 


l|: 


!  t, 

il'!     ■ 


RABBIT    BERRY. 


135 


Tjiis  very  useful,  hai'dy,  and  ornamental  tree  is  wholly  a 
native  of  the  northern  and  western  regions  of  North  America. 
Dr.  Richardson  observed  it  on  the  banks  of  the  Saskatchawan, 
between  Carlton  and  Edmonton  House  Forts,  in  the  latitude 
of  54°,  and  Major  Long's  party  found  it  growing  on  the  borders 
of  Rainy  Lake,  about  latitude  49°.  On  the  banks  of  the  Mis- 
souri, the  limit  of  its  southern  range  is  the  borders  of  the  Platte, 
but  it  appeared  to  be  most  abundant  and  fertile  around  Fort 
Mandan,  or  the  Great  Northern  Bend  of  the  Missouri,  in  about 
the  latitude  of  48°;  here  it  becomes  a  small  tree  twelve  to 
eighteen  feet  in  height,  and  when  adorned  with  its  brilliant 
scarlet  berries,  produced  in  thick  clusters  so  as  almost  to  conceal 
the  branches,  few  objects  are  more  ornamental,  contrasted  also 
with  the  silvery  hue  of  the  leaves,  which  reminds  one  of  the 
useful  Olive:  it  presents  at  once  an  appearance  both  striking 
and  novel. 

Among  the  natives  and  Caiuulian  voyageurs  it  has  several 
difl'erent  names.  According  to  Lewis  and  Clarke,  it  was  known 
on  the  Missouri,  to  the  natives,  by  the  name  of  the  Ral)bit  IJerry, 
from  being  fed  on,  probably,  by  those  animals,  and  it  was  met 
with  by  their  party  in  the  gorges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Riohardscm  says  the  Creek  Indians  give  it  a  name  which  signi- 
fies Bloody  Berry,  (Metheoo-meeva,)  IVom  the  singular  redness 
and  transparency  of  its  fruit.  The  Canadian  voyageurs  called 
it  GnilsHc  lie  lurnf,  or  Bullalofat,  from  the  imaginary  relish  of 
the  berries,  or  from  the  practice  of  mixing  them  with  their  fat 
poinuled  meat  or  pemmlcan. 

In  181o  I  introduced  a  plant  into  the  Liver^)ool  Botanic 
Garden;  but,  being  kepi  in  llie  greenlM»use,  it  was,  I  presume, 
killed  with  kindness,  and  was  soon  lost.  About  twelve  or 
fifteen  years  ago,  my  friends  Messrs.  Windsiiii)s,  of  Brighton,  in 
Massachusetts,  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  obtained  a  Uw  seeds 
ol'  the  Sliiplnnlhi  fioni  tiie  bunks  of  the  Mis.souri.  whicli.  glow- 
ing, gav*'  origin  to  all   llic  jdants  now  in  the  Tnitt'd  States  and 


liU 


V         I 


ii 


t! 


f'i  ■' 


\i  I   < 


l^U 


RABBIT    BERRY. 


in  Europe.  A  standard  tree  at  this  time  growing  in  tlioir 
nursery  ii^  quite  as  large  as  an  ordinary  Apple  Tree  of  the  sann.' 
ago,  and  it  is  yet  very  vigorous  and  increasing  in  size.  It  is,  I 
believe,  about  twenty  leet  high,  with  a  handsome,  erect  trunk, 
clothed  with  a  somewhat  smooth  bark,  and  presents  an  appear- 
ance of  the  most  vigorous  health.  Its  resemblance  to  the  Olive 
is  very  striking;  it  has  a  rounded,  uniform,  elegant  summit,  and 
when  in  fruit,  which  is  at  the  close  of  sunnner,  scareidy  tmy 
thing  can  be  more  brilliant,  from  the  load  of  berries  with  whicli 
it  is  everywhere  clad;  these  are  about  the  size  of  small  red 
currants,  juicty,  but  not  water),  of  a  pleasant  subacid  tastr. 
mixed  with  a  sweetness  which  renders  them  generally  agree- 
able. Made  into  sweet  jelly,  in  the  manner  of  currants,  they 
are  thought  preferable  by  most  who  have  tasted  them.  But 
the  great  use  of  the  8he[iherdia  will  be  ibr  constructing  li'vlges 
or  live  fences,  at  least  in  the  Northern  States  where  it  thrives 
well.  Kei)t  down  by  cutting,  it  becomes  suiliciently  close,  and 
has  also  the  advantage  of  being  thorny,  green,  or  rather  silvery, 
till  late  in  autumn,  and  it  is  attacked  by  no  insect,  nor  subject 
to  any  disease  or  blight. 

The  berries  are  greedily  devoured  by  all  the  autumnal  birds. 
particularly  robins  and  l)lii('l)irds,  who  ll«tck  round  the  tree  in 
throngs  while  any  thing  ri'mains  to  be  had. 

In  its  native  state  it  is  a  small,  rather  narrow-tojjped  tree, 
with  the  branches  ending  in  stout  spines.  The  leaves  are 
oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  shortly  petit)late,  on  both  sides  free  from 
hairs,  but  covered  with  peltate  or  rounded  scales,  which 
(through  a  lens)  appear  to  he  ciliated.  The  flowers,  whieii 
come  out  as  t-arly  as  in  Marcli,  are  in  clusters.  The  cahx 
of  the  »,<i/e  llower  is  considerably  larger  than  that  of  tiie 
fennile,  and  divided  down  to  tin-  i)ase  into  four  subovate, 
obtuse  divisions,  internally  yellowish,  but  outside  scaly  like 
the  U-aves.  Th(>  stamens  are  eiglit.  with  oftentimes  ratlier 
short,  pubesci'ut  fdaments:   the  anthers  are  oblong  and  'J-celled. 


CANADIAN     S  II  E  P  II  E  K  D  I  A. 


137 


The  fvmale  flowers  are  smaller  and  shortly  pedunculate,  with- 
out any  vestiges  of  stamens.  There  is  one  style,  and  a  thick- 
ish,  oblique,  subelliptic  stigma.  Tlie  ^orm  appears  inferior, 
but  is,  in  fact,  only  in -ested  by  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  The 
berries  are  collected  into  clusters,  and  are  sparingly  scattered 
with  scales,  but  bright  and  pellucid.  The  seed,  or  rather  luit, 
v>ith  a  cartilaginous  shell,  is  subovate  and  shining,  much  like 
that  of  Hqipophae:  it  is  also  scored  extex'nally,  as  if  partly 
2-lobed,  with  a  snudl  projection  at  the  base.  The  eml)ryo  is 
straight  and  Hat,  without  albumen,  and  the  radicle  inferior. 
Tlie  cotyledons  are  large,  thick,  and  oval.  Mr.  Wyeth,  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  observed  a  variety  of  this  species  with 
yellow  berries. 

PLATE  XXXV. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 


ill  Ii|, 


U-:.  <*' 


A  second  species  of  this  genus  is  the 

Shei'iiekdia  Canadensis,  or  Canadian  Siiepheudia,  with 
elliptic-ovate  leaves,  nearly  smooth  above  and  naked  beneath, 
clothed  with  stellate  hairs  and  ferruginous  scales:  the  llowers 
iin^  also  in  axillary  si)ikes.  This  species,  it  appears  from 
Hooker,  ranges  far  to  the  iKM'th,  throughout  Canadii  to  Fort 
Franklin,  on  Mackenzie  Kiver,  and  from  Newfoundlaud  and 
Hudson's  Bay  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  In  the  St;ite  o  Jew 
York  I  have  met  with  it  on  the  borders  of  the  smaller  inland 
lakes,  as  well  as  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie;  bat  this  species 
scarcely  becomes  a  tree,  is  without  thorns,  an-l  I'le  berries, 
though  ('(pially  brilliant  with  the  preceding,  arc  rather  un- 
pleasant to  tlie  taste.  On  the  authority  of  Menzies,  it  is  said 
also  to  exist  on  the  northwest  coast;  but  I  have  not  seen  it 
there. 


I  li 


IV.— '..* 


I 


i:-i 


i:'ii 


I    !! 


XIMENIA. 

(Plumier.) 


Natural    Jrder,  Olacine^.     Li/inwau  Classijication,  Octandria, 

MONOGYNIA. 

Oali/x  4-tootlied,  minute,  persistent,  not  enlarging.  ]\tals  four, 
densely  pilose  within,  connivont,  above  revolute.  Stamens  eight, 
the  filaments  capillary,  anthers  adnate,  long,  and  linear,  not 
exscrted.  Orani  4-celled,  4-soeded.  Sit/lc  one.  Drupe  ovate, 
1-seeded. — Decand.,  vol.  i.  p.  533. 


Tropical  trees  or  shi'ubs,  with  smootli,  alternate,  entire,  ellip- 
tical or  ovate,  oxstipulate  leaves ;  flowers  mostly  in  small,  axillary 
umbels. 


■ 
1 

i 

: 

.  1 

1 

1 

I  : 
i 

i' 

1 
i 

Jm| 

It 

MOUNTAIN   PLUM. 

XiMENiA  Americana.     Spiitosa,  Jofiii  vblom/is,  jxdKunilis  nmllifloris. — 

Linn.,  Sp.  pi.  Ilort.  Clitt".,  ll'ja.     Swartz,  Ohs.,  p.  149.     Decanu., 

Trod.,  vol.  i.  p.  533. 
a  oi'nid,  i'oliis  ovatis.     X.  mtiJlifli)r<t. — .Tacquin,  Amer,  p.  lOG,  t.  277, 

fig.  31.     Lamarck,  Tllust.,  tab.  2!I7,  fig.  1. 
Xim;,nia  immtdiiii. — Maci  auven.  Flora  of  Jamaica,  p.  121 ;  a  variety, 

howovor,  without  thorns. 
XniENiA  uridntla,  Jlurc  villono,  fri'ctu  Ititco. — T'lu-MIER,  Qcncr.,  p.  6. 

Ic.  201,  tig.  1. 

*  Nainod  in  honor  of  FniiieiM  XimcO'JS,  a  SpunJMh  naturiilist  utul  niissimiiary. 
i:!M 


,   OCTANDRIA, 


lis  innlliflorh. — 
149.     Decani*., 

p.  100,  t.  277, 

121 ;  a  variety, 

,  Qciior.,  p.  fi. 


•i  iii'i.1 


! 

1 

' 
1 

,    1 
'    1 

'41 


■I 


.h 


il 

1 

(   'i 

1     , 

11 

) 

iJiU  i 

( 

il 

'  1  I 


:  (' 


I 


l\V.,rli"  .1.1 


i  I     li! 


XllllCIIIU  AllMTU-MIISl 

l/i'iiiitimi    I'liiin  \ni,,iii.      /iiiiriiiinif 


\  W  \ 


t   !   i| 


i. 


'h! 


L.;l 


ill 


MOUNTAIN    PLUM. 


139 


This  plant  forma  a  small  tree,  with  an  erect  stem  and  spread- 
ing, gray,  verrucose,  and  som(!wliat  angular  branches.  It  is  in- 
digenous to  the  moinitains  of  Jamaica,  Key  West  in  Florida, 
where  it  was  found  by  Dr.  Blodgett,  and  is  also  met  with  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Carthagena,  in  Ilispaniola,  and  many 
years  ago  it  was  collected  in  the  interior  of  East  Florida  by 
John  Bartram,  as  Mr.  A.  Gray  rtiw  specimens  of  it  in  his  col- 
lection still  extant.  According  to  Drs.  Wight,  and  Fioxburgh, 
it  is  also  indigenous  to  the  coast  of  India. 

It  bciirs  a  drujjc  the  size  of  the  ])lum  of  Europe,  or  of  a 
pigeon's  egg,  yellow,  smooth,  nnd  shining,  1-seeded,  with  a  thin 
rind  and  watery  pul[)  of  a  pleasant  sweet  subacid  taste.  The 
seed  is  large  and  white.  This  plum  is  of  nn  agreeable  flavor, 
and  not  inferior  to  the  comm.m  varieties  of  that  of  Europe;  it 
has  a  slight  degree  of  astringency,  with  a  pleasant  acidity.  The 
flowers  have  a  Iragrant  odor  said  to  be  like  that  of  frankincense. 
The  wood  is  as  yt'How  as  that  of  the  Sandal,  and,  in  India,  its 
powder  is  often  substituted  for  it  by  the  Brahmins  in  their 
religious  ceremonies. 

The  leaves  grow  two  or  three  together,  on  short,  lateral, 
tuberculoid  branchlcts;  they  are  petiolate,  oblong-lanceolate, 
obtuse,  and  narrowed  below,  smooth,  obscurely  veined,  about 
two  or  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  and  less  than  an  inch  broad. 
The  flowers  are  disposed  in  small  pedunculated  axillary  and 
subterminal  umbels,  the  mnbels  three  or  4-tlowered.  The  calyx 
is  minute  and  4-toothed.  Petals  ibur,  linear-oblong,  conniving 
into  a  tube  below,  recurved  at  the  apex,  and  covered  Avith  rather 
long  and  dense  brownish-yellow  hairs  within.  Stamens  eight, 
as  long  as  the  petals,  the  filaments  like  tin'  most  delicate  threads, 
the  anthers  long  and  linear,  ovary  S-anglrd  at  the  base,  conical 
and  suljulate,  with  the  style  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

I'bATE  wxvr. 

A  hi'dinli  ill' till  iiiiiiniil  ■'•i:i.     (I.  T/ii  fruit. 


vn 


13 


m 

1 

III 

T'n-' 


:  I     ! 


MACLUllA.* 

(NlITTALL.) 


■l! 


Natural   Order,  ARTOCAHrEyE,  (R.  Brown.)     Lwnaian   Classijica- 
tioii,  Dkecia,  Tetrandiua. 

Flowers  uicecious. — Male  flowers  with  tlic  cah/x  4-cleft.  Stamens 
four,  exsortecl.  Fkmale  flowers  in  globular  ameiits ;  the  calyx 
fleshy,  4-parted,  with  the  bases  ingrat'tecl  togetlier.  Corolla  none. 
Style  one,  filiform,  villous.  Ger}m  numerous,  each  l-scedi'd,  coal- 
escing into  a  compound  globular  berry  of  many  cells,  the  cells 
1-sceded.     *SVty/  ol)Ovate. 

A  lactescent  tree,  related  to  the  Fustic  and  with  nearly  similar 
yellow  wood.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  without  stipules,  producing 
superaxillary  simple  spines.  Male  flowers  in  pedunculated  umbels. 
Amonts  axillary.  Berry  verrucose  and  large,  resembling  an  orange, 
at  fir^t  lactescent,  g^'eonish-yellow  or  yellow.  Nearly'  allied  to  Broiis- 
sovctia,  buL  distinguished  by  the  coalescence  of  the  germs,  and  a 
peculiar  h-ibit. 


m 


^■n  I 


II    '■  ;',i':ih 


OSAGE   ORANGE,  or  YELLOW  WOOD. 

Maci.ura  at:rantiaca. — Xi;tt.,  Gen.  Amer.,  vol.  ii.  p.  234.  Loudon's 
Encycl.  of  Plants,  p.  784,  fig.  IS^")*;.  Arboretum  et  Frutic,  vol.  iii. 
pp.  1342,  13()2,  figs.  122*!,  1227,  122S.  Lambert's  Supplement  to 
Finns,  1.  c.     Eaton's  Manual,  (Ed.  8,)  p.  311. 


*  In  honor  of  tlie  celebrated  geologist,  philosopher,  and  patron   of  natural 
science,  Wni.  Maclure. 
140 


!-• 


11 

1^1 


iClassiJica- 


III 


t.  Stamens 
;  the  calA/x 
wulla  none, 
coilt'il,  eoal- 
s,  tlie  cells 

arly  similar 
!,  producing 
ited  uniV)els. 
2;  an  orange, 
ied  to  BroKs- 
erms,  and  a 


m 


iMi' 


'i'l 


WOOD. 


I|i!l 


4.  Loudon's 
'rutic,  vol.  iii. 
ipplenicnt  to 

tron   of  uatural 


■  i  ' 


.J^J^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


1.1 


I^IM    125 
■^  ^   12.2 

Z    LS.    12.0 


U& 


IL25  III  1.4 


1^1 


1.6 


HiotograiJiic 

ScMices 

Carporation 


23  WMT  MAIN  tTlUT 
WfttSTII.N.Y.  MSM 

(7U)I71-4IM 


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ri  WWII 


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^^IKi 


■,\  /■>  ,/.y 


Mufiiii'si  AiiriinhiH-ii 


Osiiiff  (hi(mf(' 


ftoi's  (/.//•< 


\\\%\ 


■I        ! 


i  '     !| 


!  II 


ii;!iili  ,1! 


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t  'It  I 


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11 


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ill  I  pi 


ill 


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MficliiPti    Aiirsiitliaca. 
O/itj/i-  Orn/ii/r  /ii'i.f  il'Ane 


OSAGE     ORANGE,    OR    YELLOW    WOOD.     141 

This  remarkable  tree,  though  perfectly  thriving  and  hardy  in 
the  climate  of  Philadelphia,  raised  from  seeds,  does  not  naturally 
extend  to  the  north  of  the  Arkansas  River ;  it  is  even  there  of 
rare  occurrence,  and  generally  destitute  of  fruit.  We  saw  a  few 
old  ill-grown  trees  on  the  banks  of  the  Pottoe,  a  few  miles  from 
Fort  Smith.  It  was  only  on  the  rich  low  bottom-lands  of  Red 
River,  near  the*confluence  of  the  Kiamesha,  that  we  beheld  the 
Madura  in  perfection,  foi*ming  a  great  part  of  the  prevailing 
umbrageous  forest,  and  attaining  an  elevation  of  fifty  or  sixty 
feet  by  a  diameter  of  between  two  and  three  feet.  It  is,  how- 
ever, much  inclined,  when  full-grown,  to  throw  out  irregular 
spreading  limbs  of  considerable  extent,  though  at  first  it  presents 
a  vei-y  elegant  roundish  spreading  summit.  But  at  all  times  it 
strikes  the  beholder  as  something  remarkable  in  the  Northern 
forest  by  the  ^beauty  and  splendor  of  its  dark  and  shining  foliage, 
which  in  appearance  strongly  resembles  that  of  the  Orange ;  and 
the  numerous  spines  which  the  branches  present  seem  to  confirm 
the  compai'ison.  The  fruit  is  alike  singular,  resemljling  full- 
grown  yellowish-green  oranges,  but  filled  with  a  milky  juice, 
and,  as  they  ripen  at  intervals,  or  become  abortive,  the  ground 
beneath,  like  an  orchard,  is  strewn  with  this  curious  fruit,  which, 
when  first  discovered  lying  neglected  beneath  tiie  tree,  led  the 
voyagers  to  fear  and  report  it  as  a  poison;  but  the  family  to 
which  it  appertains,  and  its  relation  to  the  Mulberi'y,  afford  a 
presumptive  sanction  for  its  harmless  qualities. 

The  Maclui'a  was  first  noticed  by  Hunter  and  Dunbar  in  the! 
voyage  up  Red  River,  on  the  banks  of  the  Little  Missouri,  of 
the  Washita  River;  also  near  Natchitoclres,  and  upon  the  banks 
of  the  Arkansas.  It  was  likewise  observed  by  Dr.  James,  in 
Major  Long's  expedition,  along  the  banks  of  the  Arkansas  and 
the  Canadian.  I  first  saw  living  plants,  bearing  fruit,  about  the 
year  1810,  in  the  garden  of  Mr.  Chouteau,  at  St.  Louis,  which 
were  raised  from  seeds  collected  in  the  country  of  the  Osages. 
It  was  afterward  introduced  into  the  garden  of  the  late  Mr. 


]f   '■ 


i        I    i 


'  I   '      ,   :}'. 


m 


I  M 


1  I 


.,.i-(  ^ 


liliih 


)!:'!''-     ■ 


dill! 


I'l    ll.li: 


'    1  !  'iff!  '11 


lifi 


]  'i. 


142     OSAGE     ORANGE,    OR    YELLOW    WOOD. 

McMahon,  of  Pliiladelphia,  from  seeds  collected  by  Governor 
Lewis.  The  largest  tree  I  have  seen  in  cultivation  is  in  the 
garden  of  Mr.  Thomas  (now  David)  Landreth,  in  Federal  Street, 
Philadelphia.  It  is  about  twenty  feet  high  and  five  .and  a  half 
in  circumference.  This  tree  has  for  many  years  borne  fruit;  but 
the  seeds  have  only  of  late  been  perfected,  in  consequence  of 
the  absence  of  the  stattiiniferons  individual,  on  the  accession  of 
Avliich,  however,  it  produced  abundance  of  seeds  nearly  as  large 
as  those  of  the  Orange,  and  much  of  the  same  form :  these  were 
indicated  in  the  fruit  by  an  unusual  projection  of  the  external 
tubercles. 

The  wood  of  the  Madura  is  solid,  heavy,  and  elastic,  of  a  fine 
yellow  color,  which,  like  the  Fustic,  it  readily  communicates  to 
water,  and  it  might  consequently  be  used  as  a  dye.  It  is  also 
capable  of  receiving  a  fine  polish,  and  resembles  satin-wood  by 
its  brilliant  gloss.  The  elasticity  and  durability  of  its  wood  have 
long  been  celebrated  by  the  Indians,  who,  from  its  use,  have 
bestowed  upon  it  the  name  of  Bow-wood,  and  the  Canadians, 
who  traversed  these  regions  in  quest  of  furs,  knew  it  long  by 
the  name  of  the  Bois  tVarc.  The  l)ark,  as  in  Broussonetla,  affords 
a  fine  white  flax.  Another  important  use  of  the  Machira,  in 
this  climate,  is  that  of  forming  live  fences  or  hedges,  for  which 
purpose  it  is  well  adapted,  as  it  bears  cutting,  grows  close,  and 
is  very  thorny,  as  well  as  free  from  the  attacks  ftf  blight  and 
insects:  it  has  all  the  advantage  of  keeping  for  a  long  time 
green,  and  appears,  in  all  respects,  as  elegant  a  fence  as  that  of 
the  Wild  Orange  in  the  South.  It  has  besides  an  additional 
recommendation  in  its  use  for  feeding  silk-worms,  for  which 
purpose  it  is  scarcely  inferior  to  the  famous  Moms  midti- 
cauUs* 


*  DifTcrent  opinions  are  now  ctitcrtained  of  the  value  of  the  leaves  of  the 
Maclura  as  a  food  for  silk-worras,  some  approving  and  others  discouraging 
their  use. 


OSAGE     ORANGE,    OR    YELLOW    WOOD.     143 


The  branches  arc  flexuous  and  round,  clothed  with  a  smooth 
gr.ay  bark.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  upon  long  foot-stalks,  and 
aie  usuixlly  oval  and  acuminated;  on  the  bearing  Immches  they 
are,  however,  often  considerably  larger,  and  heart-shaped  at  tlu; 
base,  very  entire,  with  the  point  mucronated  and  a  little  pun- 
gent; the  upper  surface  is  smooth  and  shining,  l)ut  the  petiole 
and  nerves  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf  are  somewhat  hirsutely 
pubescent.  The  petiole  is  often  an  inch  or  more  long;  the  leaf 
itself  two  to  four  inches,  and  one  and  a  half  to  three  inches 
wide.  The  stamhiiftrovfi  plant  appears  uniformly  weaker,  more 
delicate,  and  smaller-leaved,  than  the  fertile  plant.  The  flowers 
in  it  ai"e  axillary,  in  pedunculated  small  umbels,  each  umbel 
containing  about  fifteen  to  twenty  tlowers,  consisting  merely  of 
a  small  4-cleft  calyx,  with  oval  hairy  segments,  and  four  sta- 
mens, on  lengthened  and  exserted  filaments.  The  anthers  are 
2-celled,  large  and  oval,  opening  lengthwise.  In  both  plants, 
single,  undivided  thorns  come  out  in  the  upper  axils  of  the 
leaves.  HXig  female  capitulum  consists  of  a  congeries  of  tlowers 
united  into  a  globular  form,  about  the  size  of  a  cherry;  these 
consist  also  in  a  calyx  of  four  divisions,  but  less  regular  than 
in  the  male.  The  styles  and  stigmas,  one  to  each  germ,  are 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  giving  to  the  ament  the  appear- 
ance of  a  tuft  of  long  pubescent  threads.  The  berry,  fdled  with 
a  milky  juice,  becomes  about  the  size  of  a  moderate  but  not 
large  orange,  having  an  irregular  tessellated  appearance,  almost 
like  that  of  the  Bread-fruit:  these  tessellations  are  the  unduly- 
enlarged  fleshy  summits  of  the  segments  of  the  calyx.  The 
whole  of  the  calyces,  at  a  short  distance  below  the  immediate 
surface,  become  partly  ingrafted  together  into  one  mass;  and  a 
transverse  section  of  the  fruit,  therefore,  pi'esents  a  series  of 
radiating  and  woody  fibres,  among  which  are  immersed  the 
1-seeded  germs.  The  seeds  are  obovate,  compressed,  and  nearly 
as  large  as  those  of  the  orange.     The  testa  is  yellowish  white 


I    ! 

'I   i 
I  i  ' 


ilUll  I    t 


•M'f^ 


:\:UVr 


144    OSAGE    ORANGE,    OR    YELLOW    WOOD. 

and  cartilftginous ;  there  is  no  albumen,  and  the  seed  is  of  a 
yellowish  brown,  pendulous,  with  the  radicle  inverted  from  the 
axis  of  the  fruit,  and  curved  partly  over  the  margin  of  the  thitk 
and  fleshy  cotyledons  toward  the  point  occupied  by  the  hylum. 
The  fruit,  when  ripe,  is  succulent,  has  a  sweetish  but  insipid 
taste,  and  is  somewhat  acrid.  As  far  as  wo  know,  it  is  not 
eaten  by  any  animal. 

It  is  readily  propagated  by  sowing  the  seeds,  and  also  by 
cuttings  of  the  root,  which  grow  much  more  readily  than  cut- 
tings of  the  branches.  Although  several  male  plants  wore 
raised  in  this  vicinity,  it  is  singular  to  remark,  that  while  the 
fertile  plant  is  in  its  utmost  vigoi',  very  few  of  the  former  sui- 
vive;  and,  as  their  presence  is  necessary  for  fertility,  it  prol)ably 
would  be  the  best  way  to  ingraft  the  male  on  some  one  of  the 
branches  of  the  bearing  plant. 


mwMfi 


PLATE  XXXVIL 

A  branch  of  the  male  plant  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  malcjloicer  a  liille 
enlarged,    b.  The  female  capitulum. 

PLATE  XXXVIIL 

Hie  fruit  of  the  natural  size.  a.  A  transverse  section  of  the  same.  b.  Tht 
appearance  of  the  abortive  germs  in  the  section,  c.  The  seed  with  (he 
testa,  d.  The  same  divested  of  the  testa,  e.  The  embryo,  f.  The 
back  vieio  of  the  same. 


Besides  the  Fig,  we  have,  in  this  interesting  family  of  plants, 
the  famous  Bread-fruit  of  India  and  the  islands  of  the  Pacific; 
the  Cow  Tree,  or  Palo  de  Vaca  of  South  America,  which  is 
tapped  like  a  fountain,  and  yields  a  copious  supply  of  rich 
and  wholesome  milk.  The  nuts  of  the  Brosimiim  alcicastrum, 
when  roasted,  are  used  in  the  place  of  bread,  in  the  West  Indies, 


OSAGE    ORANGE,    OR    YELLOW    WOOD.    145 

and  have  a  taste  similar  to  that  of  hazel-nuts:  the  juice  of  all 
the  plants  of  this  family  also  contains  more  or  less  of  caout- 
chouc. Aro'dst  this  generally  harmless  group  of  plants,  it  is 
singular  to  find  the  deadly  Upas  of  Java,  [Antiaris  ioxicarkt,) 
whose  inspissated  juice  is  found  to  contain  that  most  virulent 
of  all  poisonous  principles,  strychnia.  It  is,  however,  some- 
what doubtful  what  the  real  affinities  of  this  plant  are,  as  it  is 
acknowledged  to  be  an  anomaly  in  the  family. 


Vol.  IV.— 10 


mmm 


ill 


I''   ,' 


ill  I- 


it  ! 


:!!  I 


s  r 
I 


I 

;:'   '' 

■  ,        I 

:   I 
i,   ! 


NETTLE   TREE. 


Natural   Order,   Ulmace^e,   (Mirbol.)      Linncean    Classi/waimi, 

POLIGAMIA,   DkECIA. 

CELTIS.*    (Linn.) 

Flowers  POLYGAMOUS. — Slaminate  flower  with  the  calyx  5  or  6-partcd. 
Corolla  none.  Stamens  four  to  seven.  Perfect  floxcer  with  the  calyx 
deeply  5-partcd.  No  corolla.  Ovarium  1-cellcd ;  the  ovules  solitary 
and  pendulous.  St>/lc  very  short ;  stiffmas  two,  thickish,  subulate,  and 
spreading.  Dru/n  globular,  1-seeded,  thinly  coated  with  a  sweetish 
pulp.     Etnbrjo  inverted.     Cotyledons  folded. 

The  genus  within  its  proper  bounds  includes  deciduous-leaved 
trees  of  South  Europe,  the  Levant,  the  mountains  of  Ncpaul  and 
Cuba,  and  the  forests  of  t'.o  United  States.  The  true  Celtides  have 
alternate,  entire,  deciduous,  and  mostly  cordate  leaves,  generally 
oblique  at  the  base,  3-nerved,  entire,  but  mostly  serrated  on  the 
margin.  The  stipules  are  membranaceous  and  deciduous.  The 
flowers  are  precocious,  or  appear  before  the  expansion  of  the  leaves, 
with  a  fllm-like  irregularly-torn  membranous  perianth,  the  staminifor- 
ous  ones  near  the  base  of  the  branchlet  pedicellate,  and  throe  or  foui' 
together.  The  fertile  flowers  are  solitary  and  axillary,  on  short 
peduncles.  The  drupes  brownish  yellow,  rather  sweet,  insipid,  and 
nearly  juiceless. 

For  the  tropical  species  with  axillary  cymes  coeval  with  the  leaves, 
two  distinct  styles,  and  an  ovary  with  two  ovules,  I  propose  the  uan»o 
of  TuACUYPKNOKON,  (in  allusion  to  their  rough  pubescent  leaves  and 
twigs.)  Most  of  these  species  have  u  tough  fibrous  bark  of  the  nature 
of  hemp. 


*  Thu  auuicut  uuuie  uf  the  Lotus,  appliuJ  tu  thin  guuus  by  Liuutuus. 
140 


lassificatmi, 


>  or  6-partcd. 
iith  the  calyx 
ocules  solitary 
subulate,  and 
itli  a  sweetish 


^iduous-lcaved 
f  Nepaul  aiul 
Ccltides  have 
ives,  geuorally 
irrated  on  the 
eiduous.      The 
1  of  the  leaves, 
the  staiuiniler- 
id  three  or  four 
Uary,  on  short 
et,  insipid,  and 

with  the  leaves, 
•opoae  the  naioo 
e-ent  leaves  and 
irk  of  the  nature 


by  LiuuoouH. 


'1: 


1    |:.! 


ill 


1l 


I! 


h.  i    ' 


illj 


"ill* 


m 


"i  'I  ,1.  ; 


!fj 


ill 


Hi 


I  mill  , 


III 


iM.xi:xii:. 


('•■lllH  l-i'lirllltilll 


IMAXXIX. 


IJlil 


SMALL-LEAVED  NETTLE  TREE. 

Celtis  reticulata.  Foliis  brevibus,  lato-cordatis,  subcoriaccis,  vix  d 
irrct/ularilcr  scrratis  acutis  hasi  obliqids  scahris,  sublus  subr/lnbris  vcnis 
ekvatis  reliculatis,  iKduncalis  fructifcris  unijloris. 

Celtis  reticulata. — Torrey,  in  Annals  of  Lyceum,  N.  Y.,  vol.  ii. 
p.  247. 

This  low-growing  species  of  Nettle  Tree  was  discovered  by 
Dr.  James  near  the  base  of  the  Roclcy  Mountains;  I  likewise  met 
with  it  in  the  same  mountain  range,  by  small  streams,  and  also 
along  the  borders  of  the  Oregon,  toward  the  Blue  Mountains, 
particularly  along  the  banks  of  the  Bruloe,  a  small  stream  falling 
into  that  river.  It  does  not,  in  the  situations  where  we  observed 
it,  become  a  timber  tree,  but  rather  a  tall  shrub,  full  of  slender, 
and  at  length  smooth,  branches.  The  leaves  become  thick  and 
rigid,  and  are  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long  by  less  than  an  inch 
wide,  acute,  but  scarcely  acuminate,  with  a  few  irregular  serra- 
tures  toward  the  point  of  the  leaf,  though  a  number  of  the  leaves 
maybe  observed  possessing  no  serratures  at  all;  the  ii^fiper  sur- 
face is  shining  and  scabrous;  beneath  the  leaves  are  pujjescent 
along  the  nerves,  though  at  length  nearly  quite  smooth;  tiie 
petioles  are  one  or  two  lines  long  nnd  pubescent;  the  base  of  the 
leaf  is  very  oblique,  rounded,  and  slightly  sinuated.  The  drupe 
is  globose,  solitary,  brownish  yellow,  on  a  short  peduncle.  Of 
the  wood  of  this  species  nothing  is  yet  known. 


PLATE   XXXIX. 

A  branch  of  tlw.  nahmtl  size. 


;s>M| 


LONG-LEAVED   NETTLE   TREE. 


i       ;     il 


iy:f 


■\  I 


i  ! 


Celtis  longifolia.  FoUis  ovato-lanccolatis  promisse  acuminatis  intcgcrri- 
mis  Icevigatis  dcmum.  glabris  basi  rotumlatis  obliquis  siibcuneatis,  pedun- 
cidis  fructiferis  urdfloris,  corticc  sublmvi. 

Celtis  Occidcntalis,  ji  intcgrifoUa. — Nutt.,  Gen.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  202,  (not 
of  Lamarck.) 

This  tree,  growing  to  the  height  of  sixty  or  seventy  feet, 
inhabits  the  deep  shady  forests  which  border  the  Mississippi 
from  St.  Louis  to  the  vicinity  of  the  sea.  Its  even  and  not 
deeply  cleft  bark,  in  the  absence  of  its  aspiring  summit,  at  once 
distinguishes  this  species  from  the  Common  Hack  Berry.  Like 
all  the  rest  of  the  genus,  (confined  within  its  proper  limits,)  the 
insignificant  filmy  flowers  appear  early  in  the  spring,  before  the 
expansion  of  the  leaves.  The  small  branches  are  smooth  and 
yellowish  brown.  The  leaves  are  smooth,  of  a  thin  consistence, 
sind  remarkable  for  the  gi'cat  length  of  their  acuminated  points, 
of  an  ovate  or  ovate-hanceolate  form,  subtended  by  deciduous 
stipules,  and  at  first  pubescent  beneath,  particularly  along  the 
large  vessels  or  veins;  at  length  almost  absolutely  smooth,  at  no 
tmie  scabrous  either  above  or  beneath,  and  wholly  entire  on  the 
margin.  The  length  is  about  from  three  to  three  and  a  half 
inches  by  one  to  one  and  a  half  wide.  The  obliquity  of  the  base 
varies  according  to  the  position  of  the  leaf  on  the  branch :  those 
first  developed  are  nearly  equal  at  base,  and  of  a  lanceolate  form ; 
the  later  ones  are  larger,  wider,  and  more  oblique.  The  flowers 
are  as  usu.al;  the  males  about  three  together  toward  the  base  of 
the  branch,  the  females  solitary  and  axillary,  coming  out  with 
the  opening  leaves.  The  stamens  are  from  five  to  seven.  The 
margin  of  the  calyx-segments  is  pubescent,  but  .'^mooth,  narrower, 
and  more  deeply  divided  in  C.  Orndfntnlh,  to  which  this  species 


hitcgcrri- 
iis,  ]Kd>(n- 

202,  (not 


iiity  feet, 
lississippi 
and  not 
it,  at  once 
ry.     Like 
■mits,)  tlic 
before  the 
nooth  and 
onsistence, 
ted  points, 
deciduous 
along  the 
ooth,  at  no 
tire  on  the 
and  a  half 
of  the  base 
nch:  those 
ohite  form; 
rhe  flowers 
the  base  of 
g  out  with 
■ven.     The 
1,  nnrrower. 
this  speeies 


mi 


«: 


h'l 


i 


\ 


m 


ilSJI 


!':  "^  1 


!h! 


('«*llis  l()iit!ir«ili:i 


:!         i(      ! 


h 


fm. 


r  >' 


!^:iilli; 


THIN-LEAVED    NETTLE    TREE. 


149 


bears  a  close  affinity.     The  berry  is  of  a  brownish  yellow,  on  a 
short  i)eduncle. 

PLATE  XL. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 


THm-LEAYED   NETTLE   TREE. 

Celtis  tenuifolia.  FoUis  hto-omiis  aeuminatls  submqaalitcr  serrails 
hasi  iyiccqualibus  subcordatis  utrinque  glabriuscidis  junioribiis  imhcsccnti- 
bus,  calycibus  laciniis  cucuUatis  erosis  ciliatis,  fructibus  solitariis. — -Nutt., 
Gen.  Am.,  i.  p.  202, 

Celtis  Oceidenlalis,  ^9?  tenuifolia. — Lam^,  Encjo.  Bot.,  pp.  137,  138. 
Persoox,  Synops.,  i.  p.  292. 

Celtis  Oceidenlalis. — Darlington,  Flora  Cestrica,  p.  180. 

Celtis  pumila. — Pursii,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  i.  p.  200  and  201. 

This  species,  nearly  allied  to  C.  Oceidenlalis,  is  often  rather  a 
shrub  than  a  tree.  Near  Harper's  Ferry,  in  Virginia,  on  the 
summits  of  the  neighboring  mountains  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  it 
flowers  at  the  height  of  two  feet,  with  low  spreading  branches. 
In  other  situations  it  becomes  a  tree,  as  in  the  vicinity  of  Bethle- 
hem, in  Pennsylvania,  and  other  places  in  that  State.  It  is  best 
distinguished  by  its  broad,  rather  short,  and  smooth  leaves  when 
adult,  and  which  are  not  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface :  the  mar- 
gin is  now  and  then  without  serratures;  their  form  is  cordate- 
ovate,  very  little  acuminated.  The  berries  are  solitary,  brown, 
and  glaucous.  It  is,  perhaps,  little  more  than  a  variety  of  G. 
Oceidenlalis. 


I  Hi- 


The  American  Nettle  Tree  {"Cell Is  Oceidenlalis)  occurs  in 
almost  every  part  of  Massachusetts,  and  I  know  a  tree  of  it,  east 


150 


TIIICK-LEAVED    NETTLE    TREE. 


of  the  Connecticut  River,  nearly  five  feet  in  diameter." — G.  B. 
Emekson,  Esq. 


Md 


:|:i  ^r:  n' 


TiiiCK-LEAVED  Nettle  Tree  or  Hack  Berry,  [Ccltis  crasmfoUa.) 
This  species  is  readily  distinguished  by  the  large  size,  thickness, 
and  roughness  of  the  leaves;  they  are  often  full  six  inches  long 
by  more  than  three  inches  wide.  The  flowers,  which  are  very 
numerous,  (in  the  trees  of  the  forests  of  Kentucky,)  appear  long 
before  tlie  development  of  the  leaves,  and  are  subtcp'led  by  broad 
caducous  bractes.  The  divisions  of  the  calyx  arc  spathulate, 
cucuUate,  scarcely  torn,  and  not  ciliate.  The  fruit,  as  well  as 
the  flowers,  from  the  falling  of  the  small  leaves  which  accom- 
pany it,  often  appears  disposed  in  racemes.  The  drupes  are  dark 
brown,  nearly  black.  This  species  also  admits  of  some  variety. 
In  some  the  leaves  are  larger  and  more  pubescent  or  even  hirsute, 
while  others  are  nearly  smooth  when  adult. 

The  wood  of  the  Nettle  Tree  of  Europe  is  blackish,  hard,  and 
compact,  heavy  and  without  sap-wood.  It  is  so  pliable  and 
tenacious,  that  it  will  bend  much  without  breaking;  it  therefore 
makes  a  good  wood  for  the  shafts  of  carriages  and  other  uses  of 
the  wheelwright.  It  forms  hoops  which  are  very  durable ;  and 
it  is  said  that,  after  ebony  and  box,  it  surpasses  all  others  in 
durability,  strength,  and  beauty.  It  is  likewise  unattacked  by 
worms ;  and  is  esteemed  for  works  of  sculpture,  as  it  neither  con- 
tracts nor  cracks.  The  roots  serve  as  a  dye  for  linen  stuffs;  and 
an  oil  has  been  obtained  from  the  seeds  very  similar  to  that  of 
Bweet  almonds. 


."— G.  B. 


ass! folia.) 
thickness, 
ichos  long 
.  are  very 
^pear  long 
1  by  broad 
ipathulate, 
as  well  as 
cli  accom- 
?s  are  dark 
ne  variety, 
en  hirsute, 


,  hard,  and 
pliable  and 
it  therefore 
;her  uses  of 
arable;  and 
1  others  in 
attacked  by 
neither  con- 
stuffs;  and 
ir  to  that  of 


$\ 


• 


mmw 


V:'. 


M  ;!Ji 


I  «t  :,.,   '1 


iii 


I  ■''....  ^'i  -1 


11  ^^i 

1 

i 

1 

i 

;      ■    ^      il' 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

il 

! 

1 

Pl./Ll, 


■L..i,.'»a/*-j 

rw"^' 

Y-  '^f  JF 

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■^      ) 

■•'      V-^-rf^ 

^"lib^V. 

l::^f^ 

''mm 

i^ 

4r- 

V 


I'lii  lit   t  iij    h 


ii  ns  |)('  (liniciihiUi 


iifiii'  I  iiii, 


hi  III  nil 


VI  /r,i. 


'~^' 


mil  nil 


1.1 1  iH  'II a 


l;:i-!i 


il" 


FIG     TREES. 


Natural  Order,  ARTOCARPEiE,  (R.  Brown.)     Llnncean  Classificap- 

tion,  POLYGAJIIA,  DkECIA. 

FICUS.*    (TouRN.  Linn.) 

DiCECious. — The  common  receptacle  spherical  or  pyriform,  re-<emhling 
a  berry,  fleshy  and  closed,  including  numerous  distinct  and  niinuto 
flowers.  3Ialc,  calyx  3-parted.  Corolla  none.  Slamcn.i  one  to 
three.  Female  with  the  calyx  3  to  5-parted,  and  no  corolla.  P/.v- 
tillum  one  ;  style  one,  subulate  ;  the  stigma  simple  or  bifid  and  un- 
equal.    Seed  one,  covered  by  the  persistent  subcarnose  calyx. 

Lactescent  trees  or  shrubs,  chiefly  of  Tropical  America,  Africa,  and 
Lidia;  leaves  alternate,  stipulate,  stipules  terminal,  conical,  convolute. 
Receptacles  mostly  axillary,  solitary,  or  crowded,  rarely  disposed  iu 
terminal  racemes,  often  bracteolate  at  base. 


^ 


I 


CHERRY   FIG   TREE. 

Ficus  rioDtiNCULATA.  Fol(i:<  orat()-ut)liiiii/!s  hilifjcrrimis  acmnixaUs  obtnsis, 
basi  obsolete  cordatls,  rere2)taeidls  ffluho.-iis  sidH/eininatIs  caljeidalis  pedun- 
culails. — WiM.D.,  8p.  pi.,  ArroN.,  Ilort.  Kewen.,  vol.  iii.  p.  4.'»0. 

Fleas  arbor  Americana,  arb ail  folds  umi  sernita,fn(cla  j)isi  uKigtt'dad'ine^ 


A  hatiii  word  of  diu'i  rtiiiii  (li'i'iviiti')n. 


151 


i  III  I 

m 


>il 


!         i  I 


1- 

■■ 

■4 ' 

i  ■! 

152 


CHERRY    FIG    TREE. 


funictdls  e  ramis  ad  tcrram  dimlssls  prolifera. — Pluken.,  Almag.,  p. 
144,  tab.  178,  fig.  4.  ? 

This  species  of  Fig  Tree  was  discovered  by  Jacquin  in  the 
island  of  Martinique;  it  is  also  indigenous  to  some  other  of  the 
West  India  Islands,  as  well  as  to  the  neighboring  continent  of 
Tropical  America.  At  Key  West,  according  to  Dr.  Blodgett,  it 
becomes  a  large  spreading  tree  fifty  feet  in  height,  and,  like  some 
other  species,  particularly  the  famous  Banyan  Tree,  (F.  Indira,) 
it  sends  down  roots  from  its  lofty  branches  resembling  ropes, 
which,  on  reaching  the  soil,  at  length  become  so  many  iiulepeu- 
dent  trunks,  in  turn  producing  others;  and,  spreading  themselves 
on  all  sides  without  interruption,  they  present  a  united  summit 
of  prodigious  extent,  which,  reposing  on  a  multitude  of  trunks 
of  different  dimensions,  seems  like  the  airy  vault  of  some  vast 
edifice  sustained  by  innumerable  colunms. 

The  bax'k  of  the  branches  appears  to  be  gray  and  even ;  the 
leaves  are  very  smooth  on  both  sides,  but  covered  with  innumer- 
able minute  dots  on  the  upper  surface.  They  are  three  to  four 
inches  long,  one  and  a  h.alf  to  two  inches  wide,  with  a  peduncle 
about  one  and  a  half  inches  long.  They  have  a  few  distant 
pennated  nerves  inoscuhiting  toward  the  margin  of  tlie  leaf, 
with  innumerable  intermediate  slender  reticulations  of  vessels; 
they  are  generally  of  an  ovate  form,  rounded  or  almost  cordate 
at  the  base,  with  a  short  and  blunt  acumination;  from  their 
axils  arise  one  or  two  peduncles  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
long,  each  terminated  by  a  bifid  involucel,  improperly  called  a, 
calyx.  The  figs  themselves  are  nearly  globose,  but  sensil)ly 
wider  at  the  summit,  about  tlie  magnitude  of  small  cherries, 
greenisli-yellow  and  purple  at  the  summit,  (as  they  appear  in  a 
withered  state,)  with  a  few  purplish  pale  spots. 

Of  this  species  there  appears  to  be  a  distinct  variety,  if  not  a 
species,  which  1  shall  *or  the  present  call  /j  ucaki ;  the  leaf  is 


Almag.,  p. 


lin  in  the 
lor  of  the 
uthioiit  of 
Jlodgett,  it 
like  some 
F.  ImUra,) 
)ling  ropes, 
ly  iiulepeii- 
themselvos 
ted  summit 
e  of  trunkH 
some  vast 

l1  even;  tlie 
th  innumor- 
hree  to  four 
I  a  peduncle 
few  distant 
of  the  leal', 
s  of  vessels; 
most  cordate 
;  from  their 
I's  of  an  inch 
erly  culled  a 
but  sensibly 
lull  cherries, 
^  appear  in  a 


iety,  if  not  a 
;  the  leaf  is 


'! 


!  ii 


r 

V    1  ' 

i'  w 

. 

il 

r 

iii 


lii!    ''■' 


■I         •Iii 


I,  ir 


f  i- 


.S'///.//  Inliiil   I  "I  I  III 


I'l.Xl,!!. 

I 


fniilhy  iiiirh' 


m 


SHORT-LEAVED    FIG    TREE. 


158 


elliptic,  shortly  acuminate,  acute  at  base,  and  faintly  nerved 
beneath.  It  also  becomes  a  large  tree,  producing  a  fig  about  the 
size  of  a  cherry,  which  is  yellow  when  ripe. 

PLATE  XLI. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.   The  fruit. 


SHORT-LEAVED   FIG  TREE. 

Ficus  BREVIFOLIA.  FoUis  cordaio-ovatis  intcgerrimis,  obiusif  abbreviatis 
brevi  x>etiolalis  glabris,  venis  immersis,  reccptaculis  ghbosis  dcpressis  um- 
bilicatis  solilariis  brcvi  peduncidatis,  involuccllis  bijidis. 

This  is  also  a  species  of  arborescent  Fig,  indigenous  to  Key 
West,  in  East  Florida,  but  by  no  means  common,  and,  accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Blodgett,  its  discoverer,  it  forms  a  tree  with  a  slender, 
almost  horizontal,  stem,  which  in  its  progress  throws  off  funicu- 
lar roots,  that  serve  as  props  to  prevent  the  main  trunk  from 
becoming  entirely  prostrate. 

The  branches  are  covered  with  a  light  gray  bu.rk.  The 
leaves  ai'e  about  two  inches  long  by  one  and  a  half  inches 
wide,  perfectly  smooth  on  both  surfaces,  on  petioles  from  one- 
half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long.  The  veins  on  the  under 
surface  are  so  far  immersed  as  to  be  scarcely  visible.  The  figs, 
about  the  size  of  small  chei'ries,  are  of  a  flattened,  spheroidal 
form,  at  first,  as  well  ••  i  the  bifid  involucrum,  slenderly  villous ; 
they  grow  out  chiefl}'  at  the  extremities  of  the  twigs,  on  thick 
pedicels,  about  two  or  three  lines  long,  and  when  ripe  are  of  a 
brightish  purple  red.     We  do  not  find  any  species  with  which 

the  present  agrees.  From  the  description  and  specific  name, 
IV.— io» 


':  I 


III 


mm 
I 

lii'Miiiiii 


i 


I  \il 


it        *f 

m 


'!■  i:  i]m 


r  m 


'Pill 


I,  !  :  ;, 

'    1; 


'  lit 


,h^y. 


yii  i! 


■imm 


I-''  In 

Mm 


ummi 


V 


154 


SMALL-FRUITED    FIG    TREE. 


we  should  suppose  the  present  species  allied  to  the  F.  imdifoJ'Hi 
of  Humboldt  and  Bonpland,  but  it  differs  too  nriuch  to  be  re- 
ferred to  that  species. 

PLATE  XLII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 


SMALL-FRUITED   FIG  TREE. 

Ficus  AUREA.  Glabra,  foUis  intcgcrrimis  dUplicis  subacuminaiis  aculius- 
culis  basi  plerisqiie  angustatis  pcnninerdis  brcvi-pcliolatis,  fructibus  f/h- 
bosis  cjcminatis  sessilibus  incolucratis,  involacris  subtrifidis  7najusculis. 

|8  LATiFOLiA.     JToliis  luto-ovatis  siibelli2)ticis. 

This  species,  according  to  its  discoverer,  Dr.  Blodgett,  be- 
comes, at  Key  West,  in  East  Florida,  a  large  tree,  at  first 
parasitical  on  other  trees,  but,  destroying  its  Siinp/orter,  it  at 
length  reaches  the  ground  and  forms  an  independent  trunk  of 
large  dimensions.  It  bears,  however,  a  very  insignificant  fruit, 
only  about  the  size  of  a  pea,  and  orange-yellow  when  ripe. 

The  branches  are  covered  with  a  whitish  bark.  The  leaves, 
three  to  four  and  a  half  inches  long,  are  from  one  and  a  half 
to  two  and  a  half  broad ;  the  peduncles  are  about  an  inch  in 
length.  The  form  of  the  leaves  is  almost  similar  Avith  those 
of  the  Orange,  elliptic  and  narrower  below,  with  a  rounded 
summit,  and  a  very  short,  rather  acute,  projecting  point  or 
acumination;  they  are  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  with 
conspicuous  feathered  nerves  which  run  together  within  the 
margin.  Tlie  figs  are  sessile,  clustered  by  pairs,  with  a  small, 
valvular  orifice,  and  are  nearly  half  embraced  by  the  sheathing, 
bifid  or  trifid,  one-sided  involucrum. 


jmih'folia 
to  be  re- 


E. 

natis  aculius- 
fruclibus  gh- 
mjuscuUs. 

;lodgett,  be- 
ree,  at  first 
|)orter,  it  at 
(lit  trunk  of 
ificant  fruit, 
11  ripe. 
The  leaves, 
J  and  a  half 
t  an  inch  in 
r  with  those 
1  a  rounded 
ing  point  or 
oneath,  with 
•  within  the 
vith  a  small, 
lie  sheathing, 


u 


f    >1 


'mm 

I  in 


!     'i! 


till 


^   :!'t 


!  i  M 


1131 


I  lit 


M   XLIll. 


'Mils    Aiirca 


Slllilll  I'llllfi  iJ   I  HI    (l 


/ 11/ II 11/'  i/mi 


m 


ii< 


!    li.i 


i 

II  ■  i: 


I 


ill 


1 

, 

I    \M 

!•' 

- 

„ 

i' 

BANYAN    TREE. 


lo5 


This  species  appears  to  bo  very  nearly  allied  to  the  F.  Mar- 
ilnicensls  of  Willdenow,  (the  F.  laurlfoUa  of  Lamarck ;)  but  \vc 
can  by  no  means  reconcile  it  to  Sloane's  figure,  (Hist.  Jam., 
t.  223,)  for  in  that  species  the  leaves  are  lanceolate,  and  eight 
or  nine  inches  long  by  two  wide,  on  petioles  two  inches  or  more 
in  length ;  the  fruit  is  also  said  to  be  scarlet,  of  the  size  of  a 
hazol-nut,  and  sweetish  and  not  unpleasant.  In  our  variety  /^ 
the  leaves  are  wholly  oval  and  not  narrowed  at  the  base. 


I  ''!» 


PLATE  XLIII, 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 


i   '.'HI 


The  milky  juice  of  the  Fig  Tree  is  more  or  less  acrid  and 
fetid,  however  sweet  and  wholesome  the  fruit  may  lie,  and 
that  of  the  Flrtifi  toximria  of  Sumatra  is  accounted  poisonous. 
The  sap  of  several  of  the  South  American  and  Mexican  species, 
inspissated,  affords  caoutchouc. 

The  cultivated  Fig,  [FIchh  carlca,)  in  its  wild  state,  is  an 
humble  and  distorted  shrub,  afll'cting  rocks  and  ruins,  bearing 
a  fruit  of  inferior  flavor,  but  with  the  parts  of  fructillcation 
very  perfect.  Such  figs  as  seem  to  drop  off  before  maturity 
are  commonly  those  in  which  the  stamens  are  most  numerous 
or  effective.  These  are  carefully  collected  in  the  Levant  to  fer- 
tilize the  female  blossoms  of  the  cultivated  Fig,  wiiich  will  ex- 
plain the  mystery  of  caprijlmtlon.  In  these  countries  the  fruit, 
fresh,  or  dried  in  the  Hun,  forms  an  important  part  of  the  food 
of  the  inhabitants. 


The  Banyan  Thee,  {Ficnn  Iik/hv.)  nearly  allied  to  our 
F.  atirm,  becomes  in  India  an  immense  tree,  spreading  very 
wide,  and  throwing  down  rope-like  roots  into  the  soil.     Mars- 


il! 


If 


'     ! 


■if    fl 


I 

I    i 


ii 


ii  <l^i 


III" 


i 


Hi 


156 


BANYAN    TREE. 


den  mentions  one  of  these  growing  near  Memgee,  twenty  miles 
west  of  Patna,  in  Bengal,  which  gave  the  enormous  diameter 
of  370  feet;  the  circumference  of  the  shadow,  at  noon,  was 
lllG  feet,  and  there  were  fifty  or  sixty  stems.  It  is  called  the 
Priests'  Tree,  and  is  held  in  such  veneration  by  the  Gentoos, 
that  if  any  one  cuts  off  a  branch,  he  is  looked  upon  as  sacrile- 
gious, and  held  in  the  greatest  abhorrence. 


n\iy  miles 
diameter 

noon,  was 
called  the 

e  Gentoos, 
as  sacrile- 


ill 


K\n  ■  ' 


VWIW 


( 


<ll(ff 


iai: 


IM  ' 


HAWTHORN. 


Natural   Order,   RosACEiE,   {suborder,   Pome^,   Jussieu.)      Lin- 
nccan  Classification,  Icosandkia,  Di —  Pentagynia. 

CRAT-<:EQUS.    (Linn.,  excluding  some  species.) 

Adnatc  ca(yx-tube  urceolate,  with  a  5-cleft  border.  Petals  five,  or- 
bicular. Stamens  fifteen  or  more.  St;/lcs  three  to  five,  (rarely  one.) 
Pome  or  apple  fleshy,  ovate  or  globose,  closed  and  crowned  with 
the  persisting  teeth  of  the  calyx,  and  containing  two  to  five  hard 
l-secded  nuts. 

These  are  spiny  shrubs  or  small  trees,  almost  exclnsivelj'  indige- 
nous to  Europe  and  the  United  States  of  America,  with  simple,  angu 
larly-lobod,  incised,  or  toothed  leaves,  furnished  with  stipules  ot 
somewhat  difterent  forms  on  the  fertile  or  infertile  branches.  Flo\'.'er8 
white,  in  terminal  corymbs,  sometimes  solitary.  Bractes  subulate, 
deciduous.     The  fruit  rather  small,  sweet,  or  agreeably  acidulous. 


RED  THORN,  or  SIBERIAN  HAWTHORN. 

CRATii5(nis  SANdTJiNKA.  Spinosa,  follis  scptangidis  scrratis  hasi  produdis 
pctiolis  subnumjuiatis. — Pallas,  Flora  Rossica,  vol.  i.  p.  25,  tab.  11, 
(very  good.) 

CiiATiEaus  SANGUiiiEA.  Lcavcs  broadly  obovate,  somewhat  cuneato  at 
the  base,  incised  and  serrate,  often  slightly  5  to  7-lobed,  a  little 
pubescent  when  young,  on  short  petioles,  at  length  coriaceous  and 
bhining ;  corymbs  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent ;  segments  of 

157 


y 


;   I' 


u 


\\v\ 


!l:l! 


Ifl 


HM 


lli'l" 
si!:! 
"'mil! 


158    RED    THORN,    OR    SIBERIAN    HAWTHORN. 

the  calyx  eiitiro,  and,  as  well  as  the  pcdicols,  not  glandular;  styles 

3-4;    I'ruit  globose. — Toruey   and   GiUY,   Flora  N.  Am.,  vol.  i. 

p.  404. 
/9  DoiKjlas'd,     Spines  short  and  .stout,  (long  in  cultivation,  Loudon;) 

fruit  small,  dark  purple. 
CiiAT;Eaus  imndata,  ^i  bmhpina. — Douui,.,  in  Hook.  Flor.  Bor.  Am., 

vol  i.  p.  201. 
CRiETAdis  (jhimliihisa. — I'uiisii,  vol.  i.  p.  337,  (as  it  regards  the  plant 

collected  by  Capt.  Lewis  in  the  Kocky  Mountains.) 
CUiia'Aous  DdUi/lavii. — Lindl.,  Bot.  Kegist.,  tab.  1810.   Loudon,  Arbor. 

Brit.,  vol.  iii.  p.  823. 

Tins  species  of  Hawthorn,  "wliich  becomes  a  tree  eighteen  to 
twenty-live  feet  in  height,  is  first  met  Avith  to  the  West,  on  the 
borders  of  rivulets,  in  the  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  par- 
ticnlarly  on  tlieir  western  declivity,  from  whence  it  continues 
along  the  banks  of  the  Oregon,  and  particularly  its  tributaries, 
down  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific.  We  found  it  also,  in  great 
perfection,  loaded  with  its  sweet,  nearly  black,  and  pleasant  fruit, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Wahlamet.  The  stem  attains  to  about  the 
diameter  of  three  to  six  inches,  Avith  a  whitish,  compact,  close- 
grained  wood,  of  Avhich,  in  common  with  the  Crab  Apple  of  that 
country,  the  natives  make  their  wedges  for  splitting  trees. 

The  Siberian  plant,  acoordhig  to  Pallas,  begins  to  be  found  to 
the  south  of  the  Uralian  Mountains,  and  continues  beyond  the 
Obi  through  all  the  (southern  tract  of  Siberia,  in  dry  mountainous 
situalicms,  i.nd  in  the  thickets  which  ))order  the  higher  rivulets; 
exactly  the  sort  of  situations  affected  by  the  American  plant 
in  the  al[)ine  region  wdiero  it  commences.  It  also,  like  ours, 
becomes  a  tree  twelve  to  eighteen  feet  in  height. 

Lewis  and  Clarke  speak  of  finding  haws,  probably  of  this  or 
the  following  species,  on  Flat  Head  River,  which  heads  against 
the  som'ces  of  the  Missonri. 

Almost  entirely  deprived  of  vegetable  food,  every  accession  of 
fruit,  however  meagre,  was  hailed  with  delight  by  otn-  famished 


RED   THORN,    OR    SIBERIAN    HAWTHORN.  159 

party,  and  the  ripe  berries  of  this  fine  Hawthorn  were  collected 
with  avidity.  The  bushes,  or  rather  trees,  were,  however,  so  high 
that  we  could  only  come  at  the  fruit  on  horseback,  or  after  ascend- 
ing the  trunk,  which  often  ap})eared  equal  to  that  of  an  ordinary 
Apple  Tree. 

The  summit  of  the  tree  is  round  and  spreading,  and  the  thorns 
vary  in  size,  though  they  are  often  short,  and  in  no  ease  nume- 
rous. The  leaves  are  bi'oad  and  somewhat  rounded  al>ove, 
cuneate-  at  the  base,  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  and  always 
more  or  less  pubescent  beneath;  the  margin  is  incise  and  serrate, 
and  divided  often  into  live  to  seven  shallow  lobes.  The  llowers 
are  white,  rather  large,  and  numerous,  disposed  in  a  corymb, 
with  the  peduncles  and  base  of  the  calyx  more  or  less  pilose 
and  glandular.  7'he  styles,  three  or  four,  are  occasionally  as 
many  as  five.  The  segments  of  the  calyx  are  rather  long  and 
acuminated,  membranaceous  on  the  margin,  and  appressed  to  the 
tlower.  The  berries  are  shortly  elliptic  or  oval,  and  nearly)-  black 
or  dark  purjile  when  ripe.  In  the  Siberian  plant,  describ'jd  by 
Pallas,  they  are  scarlet;  but  he  remarks  that,  according  to  Steller, 
the  haws  of  Kamtschatka  arc  both  red  and  black,  and  that  there 
they  are  not  only  used  as  agreeable  fruits,  but  are  also  collected 
for  the  purpose  of  distillation  into  spirits.  A  good  spii-it  is  like- 
wise obtained  by  the  fermentation  and  distillation  of  the  fruit  of 
the  common  Hawthorn,  (C.  oxijcKnuitha) 

This  species  is  very  nearly  allied  to  C  cocnnea,  with  which 
indeed  Pallas  compares  it;  but  in  C.aHvhica  the  leaves  have 
longer  petioles,  it  bears  nmch  larger  Jk)\ver.s  with  larger  segments 
to  the  calyx.  The  fruit  is  also  (in  our  plant)  smaller,  and  the 
plant  more  decidedly  arborescent. 

PLATE  XLIV. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  .size.    a.   Thejruit. 


li'     41 


i  I'M 


thi: 


! 


ri'l  !Fn 


'  'I 
i! 

I'  ililil 


'I 

lili  l! 


ill 

m  I 


t  ^;i 


nm 


mi 
il  Ijliiiij 


RIVER  HAWTHORN. 

CRATiEGUS  RIVULARIS.  Foliis  ovcitis  vcl  obovcitis,  obtusis  acutisce  inciso- 
serraiis  basi  atlenuatis  brevi-jycdolaiis ;  corymhis  muliifloris  glabris,  flori- 
bus  parviiUs,  calyds  laciniis  ohtusis  brcvmimis  eglandulom ;  fruclibus 
m'ffn's. — ;N'utt.,  in  Torrey  and  Gray,  Flor.  N".  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  364. 

/9  CUNEATA.     Spini-^  brcvibu-o,  foliis  cuncatis  obtusis,  iticisis. 

Along  the  shady  borders  of  the  rivulets  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains Ave  observed  this  species  blended  with  the  former,  becoming 
equally  a  tree  and  producing  the  same  kind  of  pleasant  dark 
fruit.  It  was  also  observed  by  Douglas  in  the  interior  of  Oi'egon, 
where  we  lilvewise  met  with  it.  It  is,  in  all  probability,  the 
smoother,  supposed  variety  of  G.  piuictata,  mentioned  by  Hooker 
in  his  Flora. 

The  branches  are  reddish  brown,  the  leaves  nearly  as  entire  as 
those  of  the  Apple  Tree,  except  in  /?,  where  they  are  slightly 
lobed ;  beneath  very  smooth,  slightly  pubescent  above,  acute  and 
rather  sharply  serrate,  with  long  spines.  The  peduncles  and  calyx 
perfectly  smooth,  the  segments  of  the  latter  mere  broad,  obtuse 
dentures.  The  flowers  are  white  and  smaller  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding. The  berries  arc  also  black,  and  possess  nearly  the  same 
sweet  and  rather  insipid  taste  of  the  Common  Haw,  ( C.  oxyacantha.) 


Hi  iii'^ 


I 


1! 

i;.  apKii 


I 


'''I  Pi  r' 


liiiiaiii'F^' 


LANCE-LEAVED   HAWTHORN. 

Crat^gtis  aruorescexs.  Iner mis,  foliis  lanceolaiis  inciso-serratis  utrin- 
que  aculis  raritcr  sublobatis  r/labris  subius  ad  venis  imberulis,  corymbis 
wuUifioris,  callcibus  pilosis  ladttiis  st(buhi(is  iiiicyris,  floribus  j^cnfayyiiis. 

Crataegus  arborescens. — Elliott,  SkLtcli.,  vol.  i.  p.  550.     Torr.  and 

Gray,  Flor.  K  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  4(1(3. 
IflO 


xutisce  mciso- 
(jlahrls,  fiovi- 
ms;  fruciihus 
A.  i.  p.  364. 


locky  Moun- 
er,  becoming 
>leasant  dark 
or  of  Oregon, 
abability,  tlie 
k1  by  Hooker 

[y  as  entire  as 
Y  are  slightly 
)ve,  acute  and 
cles  and  calyx 
broad,  obtuse 
an  in  the  pre- 
jarly  the  same 
C.  oxyacantha.) 


ORN. 


ciso-serratis  utrin- 
uberulis,  corymhis 
yribus  pentagynis. 
550.     Tour,  ami 


! 


;l:li.  -It 


j 


■li;  ' 'I  i 


ifiiftt 


li: 


•  I 


mm 

.  l|  ;i:]r 


I 


ll'  ■ 


1" 


Cra' 
se 

n 


ta' 
ec 
fi 

V 

B 

f 

J 


1'IXl.V 


i 


I 


iiiti! 


('n«l;i'i;u»Ai'bt>r»>sct'iiH 


h  ii 


L  A  N  C  E  -  L  E  A  V  E  D    HAWTHORN. 


161 


According  to  Elliott,  this  species  becomes  a  tree  of  twenty  to 
thirty  feet  in  height,  with  spreading  branches.  The  fruit  is 
globose,  quite  small,  and  red.  Of  the  quality  of  the  wood  nothing 
is  yet  known;  but  nearly  all  the  arborescent  species  are  of  slow 
growth,  and  have  whitish,  close-grained,  very  hard,  and  durable 
wood;  that  of  the  Common  Hawthorn  {C.  orijacantha)  is  tough, 
and  in  England  is  used  occasionally  for  axle-trees  and  handles 
of  tools. 

Tlie  Lance-leaved  Thorn  of  Mr.  Elliott  was  found  on  the 
lx)rders  of  the  Ogeechec  River,  in  Georgia,  near  Fort  Argyle,  and 
near  New  Orleans,  and  in  Texas  by  Drumniond  and  Berlandier. 
It  is  without  armature.  The  leaves  arc  lanceolate,  acute  at  each 
end,  deeply  serrated,  smooth  both  above  and  beneath,  except 
some  small  tufts  of  hairs  at  the  divisions  of  the  veins,  sometimes 
slightly  lobed  toward  the  summit,  (though  not  at  all  in  our  speci- 
men.) The  flowers  are  small,  the  calyx  hairy  at  the  base,  with 
the  segments  small  and  subulate. 

To  show  the  great  age  to  which  the  Connnon  Hawthorn 
attains,  Withering  states  of  the  variety  called  the  Glastonbury 
Thorn,  existing  in  his  time,  in  a  lane  by  the  churchyard  of  the 
abbey,  (1801,)  "It  ai)pears  to  be  a  very  old  tree.  An  old  woman 
of  ninety  never  remembers  it  otherwise  thiin  as  it  now  ajjpears. 
It  blossoms  twice  a  year:  the  winter  blossoms,  which  are  almost 
the  size  of  a  sixpence,  appear  about  Christmas.,  and  sooner,  if  th> 
winter  be  severe.  These  produce  no  fruit."  The  sununer  llowers 
bore  berries  containing  only  a  single  seed,  wliich,  when  sown,  pro- 
duced plants  nowise  diflering  from  the  connnon  kind. 

The  Common  Hawthorn,  though  so  humble  in  the  hedgerow 
beneath  the  cropping  of  the  shears,  when  suflered  to  grow  up 
and  stand  alone  attains  the  ordinary  size  of  an  Apple  Tree; 
and,  occupying  the  village  green  for  a  long  series  of  years,  it 
becomes  connected  with  our  earliest  recolU'ctions  of  the  joyful 
arrival  of  spring.  The  ithl  Ffitirtfioni,  again  white  with  its  fra- 
grant blossoms,  and  their  falling  on  the  ground  like  a  shower  of 

Vol.    IV. -11 


lu' 


m 


m 


S  Mil 

1$ 


flf 


1     ;  :!  I       I    ■ 


I '  I 


iiilj 


ilia 


162 


NAKED-FLOWERED    HAWTHORN. 


snow,  marks  a  delightful  era  in  the  distant  reminiscences  of  the 
writer,  when  yet  the  simplest  boon  of  nature  gave  delight. 
With  these  pleasing  recollections  of  the  past,  how  touching  and 
graphic  are  those  beautiful  lines  of  Goldsmith  descriptive  of  the 


"Deserted  Village:" — 


"The  Hawthorn  bush,  with  scats  beneath  the  shade, 
For  talkitif^  aj;e  and  youtliful  converse  made ! 
How  often  have  I  bless'd  tlie  coming  day, 
When  toil  remitting  lent  its  turn  to  play. 
And  all  the  village  train,  from  labor  free, 
Led  up  their  sports  beneath  the  spreading  tree." 

PLATE  XLV. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.   The  (jcrm  and  styles. 


^ilfll 

1 3 

'  n 
'  ,1 

! 

III 

t 

1' 

1  '':' 

'  •     ■"  •           '    i     i 

'm  j' 
■    1 

j 
ii 

'Mi 

i'    ': 

Jii 

'ii' 

1  ' 

NAKED-FLOWERED   HAWTHORN, 

OH 

APPLE   HAW. 

Crat;e«us  iESTiVALis.  Siihsphwsa,  Jforiliiis  jyrwcoHhiis,  foUis  ohlmujo- 
cumifurmlhus  ni  dllplicis  brcn'-petiufalis  apire  sahsinaalo-ih'iitatis  aiujii- 
latis  rrl  inciso-crcnatis  rariiis  Iriliihati.i,  Jiinwrihas  tonnntosis,  <h')tii(m 
glahris,  suhtiis  ad  rcnis  pubescentibus ;  corymb  is  3  ad  !i-Jluris  ylabris, 
a/landalosis ;  stylis  4-5,  fructibus  maxiinis  (jhibom  rubris. 

('uATiEous  astimli.s. — TounEv  and  Gray,  Flor.,  i.  [>.  4UH. 

CiiATiEuus  dliptica. — Elliott,  SUotcli.,  i.  p.  54!t. 

CuAT.nuus  opaca. — Hook  and  Ahnutt,  roiniuui.  Uotan.  3laguz.,  vol.  i. 
p.  25. 

Mi'spilas  a.itiralis. — Walteh,  Klor.  C-aroliniiiiui,  p.  148. 

This  is  another  arborescent  siR'cies  of  lliiuthorn  confined  to 
the  Southern  States  of  the  Union,  growing  along  the  low,  wet 


NAKED-FLOWERED     HAWTHORN. 


163 


banks  of  rivers  and  ponds,  from  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  to 
Florida :  it  grows  also  in  Louisiana  and  Arkansas.  In  Florida, 
it  is  already  in  flower  in  the  early  part  of  the  month  of  March, 
and  presents  a  very  unusual  appearance,  as  yet  nearly  destitute 
of  leaves,  or  presenting  only  their  unfolding  silky  buds.  The 
flowers  are  nearly  as  large  as  apple-blossoms,  and  pure  white. 
It  becomes  at  length  a  tree  of  twenty  or  thirty  feet  in  height, 
branching  froni  the  base.  The  leaves  are  elli[)tical  or  oblong 
wedge-shaped,  on  the  infertile  branches  often  oljovate,  on  short 
petioles,  toward  the  sunnnit  sinuately  toothed,  angled,  or  irregu- 
larly crenate,  rarely  three-lobed  or  cleft,  quite  whitely  tomeutose 
when  young  before  expansion,  at  length  glabrous,  but  clothed 
along  the  veins  beneath  with  a  brownish  pubescence.  The 
corymbs  are  3  to  5-tlowered,  and  smooth.  The  divisions  of 
the  calyx  are  short,  triangular,  smooth,  and  without  glands; 
tJie  styles  are  four  or  five.  The  fruit,  which  becomes  red,  is 
very  large  an'  round,  ripening  in  May  or  Ju)ie,  and  is  one-half 
or  three-fou  ,  o'  an  inch  in  diameter,  juicy,  fragrant,  of  an 
agreealjle  si..».o.a  taste,  a.'id  is  much  esteemed  for  tarts,  jellies, 
and  other  articles  of  the  dessert. 

Other  species  of  Hawthorn,  indigenous  to  the  United  States, 
might  be  adduced  as  attaining  the  size  of  trees  from  ten  to 
twenty-five  feet  in  height;  but,  as  we  have  little  or  no  notice  of 
their  use  and  economy,  we  shall  at  present  omit  them. 


!i:l!l 


!]'  '\ 


;     I 


u, 

1 

1            I   iili  1     1     , 

i  11  1 

1 

"Kil 

Ifjl 

; 


I 


CHERRY    TREE. 


Natrjxd  Order,  RosACEiE,  [snlwidcr,  Amygdalk.t;,  Jussieu.)  Lin- 
ncean  f-'.isslfka(ion,  Icosandria,  Moxwynia. 

CERASUS.     (JiTssiKU.) 

C'(fi/x  uiTeolato-hcniisplicrical ;  tlic  hordor  fivo-eloft,  deciduous. 
Petal.!  sproadiii_<>;.  Stamens  liftoc  i  to  thirty.  Orari/  ijlabrous,  with 
U\r,  collateral  pendulous  ovules.  Drupe  globose,  ttesliy,  destitute 
of  bloom;  the  nnt  hard  aiil  bony,  mostly  globose  and  even. 

Trt'^s  or  shrubs  chiotly  of  the  temperate  parts  of  Europe  and 
rforth  America,  forming  several  natural  sections.  Lcav^es  serrated, 
deciduous  or  sempervirent. 


§  I.  Fhivers  corymboso  or  clustered. 
Cherries. 


Leaves  deciduous.     True 


SOFT-LEAVED   CHERRY. 

CEUASua  MOLLIS.  FiiVds  o()(o)i(/(S  ovalisre  plerhque  obtum  sevriilatis  fiiihtii/i 
tomcnto.^o-piibesccntihus,  cort/inbh  raecmosis  5  ad  iS-Jlovis  iomentosh, 
laciiiiis  cali/cinis  obtusis  rrjfcxis  tiibo  pnbcscaitc  brevioribus,  dnipa  oroidea. 

<")krarus  moUls. — DoruLAS,  in  Hooker,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  169. 
ToHUEY  and  Gray,  Flor.  K  Amcr.,  i.  p.  410. 

This  species  of  Cherry,  growing  twelve  to  twenty-five  feet 

liigli,  is  confined   to  the  Oregon  Territory,  and  ])artieularly  to 

the    borderw  of   the    Oregon    liiver  aitd    itn    tributaries   as    far 
164 


f     !' 


5sieu.)  Llrir 


A.. 


,  deculnous. 
liil)rous,  with 
\\y,  destitute 
L  even. 

Europe    and 
avcs  serrated, 


duous.     True 


scrndalls  fiubliis 
iloris  tomcntosis, 
(5,  drupa  ovoidea. 
1.,  vol.  i.  p.  l*')^- 


wonty-five  feet 
])iirticularly  to 
iiitiiries   as    far 


:* 


■I  ;i     :  :>  l! 


i  \ 


'■'•X   I 


IM  XI. VI 


(en tier  a  /'ruiUeg  mvlltf 


m 


IM  .  XIAI 


i;    '  ' 


i.T  .:i]M; 


i. 


IM  ./lA'l 


'/(.)■  rif  HoiiA- 


Hl 


H         I 


i        ''I: 


I  '  i 


'■ 

t 

1 

11 

HOLLY-LEAVED    CHERRY. 


165 


as  its  sources.  We  met  with  it  in  thickets  i>ii  hilln,  near  the 
Wahlamet,  flowering  about  the  month  of  May.  The  young 
branches  are  dark  gray  and  somewhat  downy.  The  leaves  arc 
softly  downy  beneath,  on  short  petioles,  oblong,  or  oblong-ovate, 
mostly  obtuse,  sometimes  acute,  minutely  serrulate,  two  to  two 
and  a  half  inches  long  by  about  an  inch  in  width;  stipules 
small  and  deeply  ciliate,  as  well  as  the  bractes.  Flowers  small 
and  white,  the  petals  rounded  and  concave.  Segments  of  the 
calyx  ovate,  short,  and  obtuse.  Stigma  clavate,  petioles  and 
calyx  tomentose.     Fruit  ovate,  astringent,  and  unpleasant. 

PLATE  XLVI. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size,  with  youn//  fruit,    a.  The  flower. 


Red  or  Northern  Cherry.  {Cerams  Pennayhanica,  Tor.  and 
Gray.  G.  horeaUs,  Micii.  and  Micii.,  Sylva,  p.  152.)  According  to 
Macmin,  of  West  Chester,  this  tree  in  the  Beech  woods  of  Tioga 
county,  Pennsylvania,  attains  the  height  of  sixty  feet,  with  a 
diameter  of  eighteen  inches. 


§  II.  FJov^ers  in  raceme.9,  axillary.     Leaves  semi^ervire'ni  or 
jyersistcnt. — Lauro-Cerasus,  Tonm.,  Dccand.,  Laurel  Cherries. 

HOLLY-LEAYED   CHERRY. 

Cerasus  ilicifolia.  Folils  lato-ovalibus  snhoordntis  brevi-pff'/Aatis  spinosa- 
sinuato-dmtatis  rcticulatis  coriaccis  iiilidis,  raccmis  ercc'hsfoliis  subctquan- 
tibus,  dnipa  nigra  ovoidea  acuminata. 

Cerasus  ilicifolia. — Nutt.,  in  Tork.  and  Gray,  Flora  X.  Anier.,  vol.  i. 
p.  411.     Hook  and  Arnott,  Bot.  Beecliy,    Siippl.,  p.  3-tO,  t.  83. 


Mi- 


I: 


'.'Ill 


if:  .1. 


<r    'HI  III!) 


ill 


■    I 


ii    -rr 

11 

1 

1    1 

I     ^ 

1 ' '    n 

■          1  991 

i  ''''  '  :i    ' 

1            ?'"' 

i 

4 

i      ■:' 

4 

1  'i 

1           ' 

1 

1 

I  iiF  If  t  1 

11 

i 

166 


HOLLY-LEAVED     CHERRY. 


Tins  is  a  small  tree  of  Upper  California,  round  Santa  Barbara 
attaining  the  height  of  twelve  to  twenty  feet,  and  chiefly  affect- 
ing dry  and  elevated  hill-sides  within  the  mountain  range.  The 
bark  is  gray  and  somewhat  rough ;  the  wood  is  reddish,  tough, 
and  close-grained.  The  leaves,  which  are  rigid,  shining,  and 
evergreen,  look  entirely  like  those  of  the  Holly;  they  are  broadly 
oval,  pointed,  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  very  smooth 
and  shining  above  and  elegantly  reticulated,  often  undulated, 
and  with  sharp  pungent  serratures.  The  racemes  of  flowei's  are 
erect,  somewhat  crowded ;  the  flowers  white  and  small,  on  short 
Ijetioles;  the  petals  rounded  and  short;  the  calyx  hemispherical, 
with  short  triangular  teeth.  The  stamens  seated  near  to  the 
summit  of  the  calyx ;  the  stigma  simple  and  obtuse. 

This  tree,  from  its  remarkable  and  elegant  appearance,  is  well 
worth  cultivating  as  an  ornament,  and  in  its  qualities  ranks  with 
the  true  Laurels.  The  fruit  is  rather  large,  dark  purple,  bitter, 
and  astringent. 

PLATE  XLVII.     ' 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  chemj.     b,  Thejiower. 


The  Laurel,  [Pnams  Lanro-Cevafus,)  now  so  generally  culti- 
vated in  Europe,  was  brought  from  Asia  Minor.  LucuUus,  al'ter 
conquering  the  King  of  Pontus,  with  whom  the  Romans  had 
warred  for  forty  years,  among  his  other  trophies,  brought  the 
Cherry  from  the  fields  of  Cerasonte,  and,  in  transplanting  it  into 
Italy,  secured  a  monument  of  his  triumph  far  more  durable  than 
that  which  the  senate  and  the  people  decreed  him.  The  Laurel, 
transplanted  at  first  from  Trobizond  to  Constantinople,  had  not 
so  brilliant  a  destiny;  an  envoy  from  ihe  Enqieror  of  Germany, 
David  Ungnad,  whose  name  is  now  scarcely  known,  two  hundred 
and  sixty-two  years  ngo  brought  a  living  plant  to  Clusius,  at 
V^ienna.     The  name  of  La nro-Ce rasas  wiiw  given  to  it  by  Belou. 


ALMOND     CHERRY. 


167 


who  had  seen  it  in  its  native  country,  from  its  leaves  being  like 
those  of  the  Bay  and  its  fruit  similar  to  cherries. 

The  leaves  aftbrd  by  distillation  a  liquor  which  proves  a 
violent  poison  to  men  and  animals.  According  to  Duhamel, 
a  spoonful  of  this  water  given  to  a  dog  killed  him  instanta- 
neously. Various  experiments  and  accidents  tend  to  confirm 
the  fiict  of  the  powerfully-poisonous  nature  of  Laurel  water. 
Fontana  found  that  a  single  drop  of  the  essential  oil  of  this 
plant,  applied  to  a  wound  on  a  dog,  proved  equally  as  iatal  as  the 
venom  of  the  viper,  and  was  attended  with  the  same  symptoms. 

The  emanations  from  the  Laui'el  being,  in  fact,  the  diluted 
but  voliitile  prussic  or  hydrocyanic  acid,  are  not  without  then* 
inconveniences;  for,  after  reposing  beneath  its  shade  on  a  warm 
day,  a  headache  and  tendency  to  vomit  arc  said  sometimes  to 
occur.  Considerable  use  was  formerly  made  of  Laurel-water  for 
the  sake  of  the  Bitter  Almond  flavor  which  it  connnunicates  to 
various  articles  of  the  dessert,  but  from  its  dangerous  effects  it 
is  now  but  little  used. 

The  eflect  of  this  poison  is  so  extremely  rapid  and  violent, 
attacking  the  very  seat  of  vitality,  the  nervous  system,  that  no 
remedies  have  any  time  to  operate.  Li  the  hand  of  the  skilful 
physician,  however,  this  volatile  poison  proves  sometimes  a 
powerful  reuiedy. 


Almond  cherry,  {Crni.'^ii.s  Carolltilntia,  Micii.,  Flor.,  vol.  i. 
p.  280.  Wild  Orange  Tree,  ^Fini.,  Sylva,  vol.  ii.  pi.  S!).)  This 
elegant  tree,  nearly  allied  to  C  Liis}((iiiii(t,n\)\)(\\\.vi^  to  be  conunoii 
along  the  l)anks  of  the  Mississipj)!  from  New  Orleans  to  Natchez. 
It  is  also  indigenous  to  South  ('arolina,  Florida,  and  Arkansas. 
It  forms  a  fine  evergreen  tree  forty  to  fifty  feet  higli,  flowering 
in  March  and  April.  The  leaves,  according  to  Elliott,  are  very 
poisonous,  fre(|uently  destroying  cattle  that  are  tem[)ted  to 
browse  on  them  early  in  the  spring.    It  is  known  to  the  French 


I  I 


168 


ALMOND    CHERRY. 


inhabitants  of  Louisiana  by  the  same  name  as  the  Laurel  of 
Europe,  Laurier-Ammid. 

The  fruit  of  this  species  is  a  small,  black,  bitter  cherry,  with 
very  little  pulp  and  a  shell  so  thin  as  to  crack  between  the 
fingers.  A  second  [G.  Occidentalis)  and  probably  a  third  spe- 
cies of  this  section  from  St.  Domingo,  in  the  collections  of  Poi- 
teau,  has  the  same  thin,  fr.agile  shell.  These  seem  to  form  a 
separate  genus  from  the  true  Cherries,  no  less  than  from  the 
Laurels,  and  may  be  called  Leptocakya,  in  consideration  of  the 
thin  and  fragile,  merely  cartilaginous,  shell  of  the  drupe.  In 
this  respect  the  drupe  affords  a  much  more  important  distinc- 
tion than  that  which  exists  between  Prunus  and  Cerasus. 


3  Laurel  of 

sherry,  with 
between  the 
a  third  spe- 
tions  of  Poi- 
m  to  form  a 
an  from  the 
ration  of  the 
e  drupe.     In 
rtant  distinc- 
erasus. 


<  !'l 


''•  ' 


I      , 


>m  ivri: 


<    '  -  r 


I'liimis  Ann'riciuia. 
»0/,/  /'/(//;/  /htnii-r  <l  .hmn./iif 


PI.  .wsm 


ii 


1  h:  I 


rui'i-  il  .lnin'ii)iii' 


PLUM  TREE. 


i 


Nidural    Order,  RoSACEyE,   {Nuhonler,  AilYGDALEiE,  Juss.)      Lin- 
ncean  G lamiJwatio)i,  Icosaxdkia,  Monogynia. 

PRUNUS.      (TOIRNEFORT.) 

(Jah)x  urccolrttc-lioinisplienoal,  the  border  5-cleft,  deciduous.  PctuJs 
Hpreadin^.  Slanicns  lil'teeu  to  thirty.  Ocir^  glabrous,  witli  two 
collateral,  pendulous  ovules.  Drape  ovate  or  oval,  flesby,  glabrous, 
usually  covered  with  a  bloom ;  nut  hard  and  bony,  more  or  less 
compressed,  acute  and  even,  the  margins  partly  grooved. 

Treca  or  shrubs  of  temperate  climates  in  tlie  Xorthorn  hemisphere, 
with  the  leaves  sorraled,  convolute  in  vernation,  (or  before  expansioii.) 
The  flowers  earlier  than  the  leaves,  with  the  pedicels  in  umbellate 
dubters. 


J'  '1 


WILD    PLUM. 

ruUNt!S  Amkuicana.  Arhoirsci'Ds,  ?'(/»(/.s'  .^piiirsi'oili'liiis,  /()///>'  nrnto- 
ohlovgis  vcl  ohocatl.i  arr/ulc  ficrr'ili.'i  (iciiniuinHs  Imsi  ciititnlis,  sulitus  rcno- 
sis  demum  t/litltris,  pcllnlls  siih-liii/[(t)iiltilosis,  Kiiibiilis  sc-'silihu.')  jtctici- 
Jhris,  {2-G,)  fnirlUjK.s  orfilllnis. 

P.  Amkuicana. — Maushaij-,  Arbust.,  p.  111.  DahmmiT'in,  Flora  (\'st., 
p.  2H7,  and  in  Annal.  Lyceum,  N.  York,  vol.  iii.  p.  87,  t.  1.  Tuii- 
RKY  and  (luAY,  Flor.  N.  Amer.,  vt.l.  i.  p.  107. 

P.  NioKA. — AiTON,  Kew.,  (ed.  1,)  vol.  ii.  p.  10").      Bot.  Mag.,  t.  1117. 

Puusil,  Klor.  Am.,  \ol.  i.  p.  -i-U.    Wili-d.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  iv.  p.  998. 

P.  TIIKMAM8. — Klmott,  8k.,  vol.  i.  ]).  ")42. 
IV. -II*  l(i!» 


Ii, 


170 


WILD    PLUM. 


Cerasus  nigra,  {Loisel.) — Serixoe,  in  Decand.,  Prod.,  vol.  ii.  p.  538. 
Hook.,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  167. 


i  i 


Few  plants  in  North  America  have  a  more  extensive  range 
than  this  species  of  Plum :  it  is  met  with  from  the  Saskatcha- 
wan  toward  Hudson's  Bay,  and  through  all  the  intermediate 
country  to  Georgia,  Louisiana,  and  Texas.  In  the  western  part 
of  the  Stato  of  Now  York  it  is  very  common,  and,  in  some 
instances,  (as  it  appeared  to  me  in  1810,)  it  has  been  cultivated 
by  the  aborigines  around  their  dwellings  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  Chickasaw  Plum.  When  truly  wild,  it  seams  to  affect  the 
banks  of  streams  and  rich  bottom-lands.  In  New  Jersey,  near 
Franklin  Furnace,  (Sussex  county,)  I  have  observed  trees  twenty 
to  thirty  feet  high,  and  with  trunks  from  six  to  fourteen  inches 
in  diameter.  The  ordinary  height,  however,  is  from  fifteen  to 
twenty  feet.  The  wood  is  hard  and  of  a  reddish  color,  like  that 
of  the  Wild  Cherry,  {Pninus  serotina.)  The  fruit,  when  mature, 
which  is  in  the  month  of  August,  is  from  half  an  inch  to  an 
inch  in  diameter,  in  some  instances  almost  wholly  yelloAV,  but 
commonly  vermilion-red  on  one  side,  wholly  red,  or  a  mixture 
of  both  colors,  and  in  all  the  varieties  covered  more  or  less  with 
a  very  evident  bloom.  When  ripe,  it  contains  a  very  sweet, 
thin  pulp,  with  the  disadvantage  however  of  having  a  thick, 
bitterish,  acerb  skin;  but  by  cultivation  it  is  considerably  im- 
proved, and  the  fruit  is  sometimes,  as  Dr.  Darlington  remarks, 
as  large  as  a  common  apricot.  In  Upper  Canada,  where  it  was 
formerly  cultivated,  I  have  seen  as  many  as  twelve  distinct 
varieties  in  the  same  ox'chard.  It  is  also  free  from  the  attacks 
of  the  insects  which  have  proved  so  fatial  to  nearly  all  the 
cultivated  Plums. 

The  stem  spreads  out  into  a  roundish  nead,  with  many  rigid 
and  somewhat  thorny  branches.  The  leaves  are  oblong-ovate 
and  sometimes  obovate,  almost  always  narrowed  below,  with  a 


WILD    PLUM. 


171 


nve  range 


distinct  abrupt  point  or  acumination,  sharply  serrated,  strongly 
veined,  and  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath.  The  pedicels  are 
smooth,  two  to  five  together,  in  clusters.  Calyx  pubescent,  the 
segments  lance-linear,  serrulated  at  the  apex;  the  petals  oval 
or  obovate,  and  rounded. 

PLATE  XLVIIL 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size  in  fruit,    a.  A  cluster  of  flowers. 


MM 


;  I; 


'if 
li'l 

I 


:  IN 


i 


m 


fi  I  '   ■< 


liiii 


liH:!  :] 


CRAB  APPLE. 


Natural    Order,  RoSACEiE,    [suborder,  Pomeje,  Juss.)     Linncean 
Classification,  Icosandria,  Pentagynia. 

PYRUS.    (Linn.) 

Qill/x-ivihQ  urceolate,  adnate  to  the  fleshy  ovary,  from  which  it  is 
inseparable,  with  the  border  5-lobed.  Petals  five,  roundish, 
concave,  on  short  claws.  Styles  usually  five  or  less,  distinct  or 
conjoined  at  the  base.  Pome  (or  apple)  fleshy,  closed,  internally 
5-celled,  the  cells  cartilaginous  and  2-seeded.  The  seeds  with  a 
chartaceous  coat. 

Trees  or  shrubs  (in  the  present  section)  with  entire  or  palmately- 
lobed,  serrated  leaves.  Flowers  in  terminal  flattish  clusters  or 
corymbs.    Fruit  edible  when  not  too  acerb  or  astringent. 


RIVER   CRAB   APPLE. 

Pyrus  rivularis.  FoUis  ovatis  acutis  indivisis  junioribus  trilohatis  incisis 
argute  serralis  subtiis  pubescentibjis,  f'j/lis  (3-4)  basi  coalitis  glabris, 
fructibus  perparvis  subglobosis  vix  umbilicatis,  lobis  calicinis  demian 
deciduis. 

Pyrus  rivularis. — Douglas,  in  Hook.  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  303,  t.  68. 
ToRREY  and  Gray,  Flor.  N.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  471. 

Pyrus  diversifolia. — Bonqard,  Veget.  Sitka.,  1.  c.  p.  133. 

This  elegant  species  of  Pyrus  is  common  throughout  all  the 

lower  or  maritime  portion  of  the  Oregon  Territory,  and  it  uni- 
172 


Linncean 


which  it  ia 
,  roundish, 
,  distinct  or 
i,  internally 
leeds  with  a 

)r  palmately- 
clusters  or 


i  ■       li 


I 


trilobatis  incisis 
coalitis  glahris, 
alicinis  deniion 

..i.p.303,t.68. 

3. 

ighout  all  the 
J,  and  it  uni- 


lil  I 


!l    ,' 


- 1 


f  1 


Ml , 


* 


li!  MllJlili; 


il 


iili 


I  ypt 


H'f  !;■/!:    « 


ir 


i!   1   i(; 


III 


! 

\ 

! 

: 

1  ■  '■.? 

1 

1  ' 

i  11  ■H 

I'll 


Uil 


L,. 


PI  .XLIX. 


I'oii'ier  I'ivulaire 


\\\  \ 


lililll 


RIVER    CRAB    A  T  JM.  E. 


173 


forinly  afTocts  the  shade  of  rich,  alluvial  Ibrests  near  the  lesser 
.streams  and  ponds.  It  becomes  a  tree  about  the  size  of  the 
Siberian  Crab,  to  which  it  has  a  close  aflhiity,  and  grows  from 
fifteen  to  twenty-five  feet  in  height,  producing  a  hard  wood, 
capable  of  receiving  a  high  polish,  and  is  employed  by  the 
natives  for  making  wedges.  The  fruit  grows  in  clusters,  and  is 
snuill  and  purple,  scarcely  the  size  of  a  cherry,  of  an  agreealjle 
flavor,  like  that  of  some  of  our  Haws:  it  has  nothing  of  the 
acerbity  or  acidity  of  the  Common  Crab,  but  is  sweetish  and 
subacid  when  ripe.  The  natives  near  the  sea  employ  it,  as  they 
do  many  more  berries  of  the  country,  for  food,  being  all  too 
indolent  to  cultivate  the  earth  for  any  purpose  whatever. 

It  extends,  in  all  probability,  from  Upper  California  to  the 
Russian  possessions  in  the  North,  as  far  as  latitude  57°.  Men- 
zies  appears  to  have  been  its  first  discoverer,  on  what  was  then 
vaguely  termed  the  northwest  coast. 

The  leaves,  which  a])pear  with  the  flowers,  are  ovate,  ol)tuse 
or  acute,  entire,  and  more  or  less  serrated,  pubescent  Ix-neath, 
villous  in  the  bud,  at  length  nearly  smooth;  the  later-produced 
leaves  are  more  or  less  incisely  lobed,  sometimes  distinctly 
three-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  incise  and  sharply  serrated.  The 
flowers  conspicuous,  white  or  tinged  with  red.  in  terminal 
corymbs,  with  the  calyx  and  peduncles  villous,  or  tomentose, 
at  other  times  with  the  exd'rior  (if  the  ciilyx  smooth.  The 
petals  oval.  The  germ  is  pear-sha|)ed.  with  three  or  four  styles. 
Apples  very  small,  dark  piirjde,  almost  bliick  when  ripe,  and 
somewhat  traiishieent,  globose-ovoid,  scarcely  und)ilicate  at 
base,  and  with  tlie  sunnnit  nake<i,  the  calyx,  as  in  the  Siberian 
Crab,  being  deciduous.  Seeds  like  those  of  the  np[)le,  and  two 
in  a  cell,  as  tisual. 

I  think  it  probable  that  the  plants  with  "smooth  i)edicels 
and  with  the  calyx  externally  smooth"  ought  to  constitute  a 
distinct  varit'ty,  whidi  ni;i\  be  tiTiiicd  I'l/nin  rlrit/dn's  ,i  /ti-qx-v. 
In  the.si'  tlie  pedicels  aic  also  glandidar. 


I  ■' 


r.'l^! 


n    -"" 


174 


NARROW-LEAVED    CRAB    APPLE. 


What  this  plant  may  become  by  cultivation  cannot  yet  be 
determined.  The  Siberian  Crab,  (now  so  ornamental  and  gene- 
rally cultivated,)  which  also  affects  the  alluvial  borders  of 
streams  and  rivers  round  Lake  Baikal,  and  in  Daouria,  accord- 
ing to  Pallas,  in  its  native  soil  only  attains  the  height  of  three 
or  four  feet,  with  a  trunk  about  as  thick  as  a  man's  arm,  and 
full  of  tortuous  branches.  The  berries,  also,  in  Pallas's  figure, 
(Flora  Rossica,  vol.  i.  tab.  10,)  are  not  so  large  as  ordinary 
iwas,  and  pyriform  or  attenu:ite  at  the  base  like  a  pear.  All 
this  tribe  of  plants,  so  eminently  serviceable  both  fof  ornament 
and  use,  deserve  cultivation  in  a  pre-eminent  degree ;  and  the 
present  species  has  also  the  advantage  of  being  perfectly  hardy 
in  all  temperate  and  even  cold  climates,  as  it  stretches  along 
the  coast  nearly  to  the  vicinity  of  Eastern  Siberia. 

All  the  plants  of  this  section  of  Pyrus  are  natives  of  Tem- 
perate Europe  and  Northern  Asia. 


PLATE  XLIX. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  sue,    a.  The  apple. 


ill 


Narrow-Leaved  Crab  Apple,  [Pi/rus  (tii(/ii^>ifl/(>lla,  Aiton.) 
This  appears  to  be  scarcely  more  than  a  variety  of  the  Pi/nif 
coronnria ;  distinguishable,  indeed,  by  its  narrower  leaves, 
usually  entire,  whicli  are  often  acute  below;  but,  as  the  styles 
are  neither  perfectly  distinct  nor  constantly  glabrous,  and  that 
the  young  leaves  are  also  pubescent,  no  suflicient  distinction 
remains.     The  fruit  is  likewise  wholly  similar. 


E. 

not  yet  be 
il  and  gene- 

boi'tlci's  of 

■lu-ia,  accord- 

rlit  of  three 

s  arm,  and 

las's  figure, 
as  ordinary 

pear.  All 
of  ornament 
•ee ;  and  the 
rfectly  hardy 
•etches  along 

ives  of  Tem- 


foVni,  AlTON.) 
of  the  Pi/ntA 
rower  leaveH, 
,  a«  the  styles 
rolls,  and  that 
nt  distinction 


I 


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^ttKBt^M 

WK^ 

J\l>,lur'   M 


I  I'vi'iis    Anirriciina . 

Anifrmin  .\f.'i,nt,i,n   .ht,  .sWInrr  ,1    .h„>'rii/i«- 


r 


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,/    .hiiii'Kiif 


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ll 

■ 

,j 

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1 

MOUNTAIN    ASH. 


§  III.  Lmves  piit.naic  or  j^iimxfi/i'f ;  stijles  two  to  five,  distinct; 
j}omc  (jlohose  or  tarhinafe;  X)^'^PV- — Sorbus,  Linn. 


li  r 


" 


AMERICAN   MOUNTAIN   ASH. 

Pyuus  Ami:uicana.  FuUls  pinmiti.-^  (/l/thrls,  fvUoUs  oblongo-hnceolatlf 
actunbudis  inci^o-Si'mUifi,  serruluri^  sctacco-miicroiiads,  cjnds  composlUs 
miiWjiorh,  fniclihii.s  (jlolmm. — Dkcand.,  Procl.,  vol.  ii.  p.  637.  Toii- 
iiKY  1111(1  (J  KAY,  Flor.  X.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  472. 

tSoHUUS  A.MKIUCANA. — WiLLD.,  Eiiuiii.,  vol.  i.  p.  oiiO.  Puusii,  Flor., 
vol,  i.  p.  J541. 

SoKiMis  AiicuPAniA. — ,9  Mich.,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  200. 

The  Mountain  Asli,  or  Kowau  Tri'o,  oi"  North  Aiiiorica,  is 
mot  witlj  spiirlug'ly  in  sliady,  moist  woods  in  inoiintainoiis  situa- 
tions, (Votn  Labrador  and  even  (iroonliiud.  throughout  the  Now 
Eujijlaud  States,  New  York,  Pennsylvania;  and  the  variety  ////- 
cromrpn,  witli  smaller  berries,  extends  to  the  high  mountains 
ol'  Virginia  and  North  Carolina. 

It  Ibrms  a  small  tree  of  great  beauiv,  remarkable  lor  its 
olegi'iit  leathered  ibliage,  in  May  ami  .Tune  clad  with  its  white 
and  iVagrant  blossoms,  and  to  the  close  of  the  yeai',  even  into 
winter,  dei-orateil  with  its  lai'ge  clusters  of  bright  berries,  which 
aHbrd  a  favorite  repast  for  thrushes  and  other  frugivorous  birds, 
on  tlieii  annual  round  to  more  genial  climates,  or  diu'ing  their 
hibernal  residence  : — 

"  SiiiijruiiKn.sijm'  itir  .ihi  niln'iit  nviiiria  Imcfifi." — VuiOir,. 

The  European  species,  which  differs  very  little  from  the  pre- 


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lie, 


AMERICAN     MOUNTAIN    ARIL 


sent,  becomes,  in  the  North  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Wales, 
a  tree  of  conslderal)le  size,  so  as  occasionally  to  be  sawn  into 
planks  iind  boards.  It  attains  the  height  of  twenty-five  to 
thirty  iWt,  with  a  diameter  of  two  feet;  and  a  tree  in  Scotland, 
in  Forfarshire,  at  Old  Montrose,  sixty-five  years  old,  is  fifty  feet 
high,  with  a  diameter  of  two  feet  ten  inches.  The  Avood  is  said 
to  be  hard  and  durable,  fit  for  economical  purposes,  such  as 
mill-work,  screws  for  presses,  spokes  for  wheels,  &c.  In  ancient 
times  it  was  also  esteemed  for  bows  next  tf>  the  Yew.  Tlie 
berries,  dried  and  reduced  to  powder,  have  even  been  made  into 
bread  ;  .and  an  ardent  si)irit  may  be  distilled  from  them  of  a  fine 
flavor,  but  in  small  quantity.  Thoujrh  acid  and  somewhat 
astringent,  they  are  accounted  wholesome,  and,  in  the  High- 
lands of  Scotland,  are  often  eaten  when  perfectly  ripe ;  in  the 
cold  and  sterile  climate  of  Kamtschatka,  according  to  Gmelin, 
they  ai'e  used  for  the  same  purposes. 

This  tree  was  formerly  held  sacred,  and  in  the  North  of  Eng- 
land it  is  called  the  Witch-IIazel.  In  Wales,  it  was  formerly 
])hinted  in  the  churchyard  as  connnonly  as  the  Yew,  and,  on  a 
certain  day  of  the  year,  everybody  religiously  wore  a  cross  made 
of  the  wood,  as  a  charm  against  fascinations  and  evil  spirits ! 

The  American  species  scarcely  forms  so  large  a  tree  as  that 
of  Europe,  attaining  cmly  the  height  of  fifteen  to  twenty  feet, 
and  the  leaves  are  very  smootli,  except  before  their  complete 
expansion  ;  the  li'afiets  are  about  from  thirteen  to  fifteen,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, acuminated,  with  sharp  and  deep  mucronate 
serratures.  The  cymes  or  flower-clusters  are  large  and  com- 
pound, and  the  fruit,  like  that  of  the  European  species,  is  of  a 
bright  light  scarlet.  The  berries  of  the  variety  mtvrocarpa  are 
also  of  the  same  color,  but  smaller.  The  seeds,  two  in  a  cell, 
appear  to  havt;  the  same  cartilaginous  coat  as  in  the  apple. 


1-LATE  L. 
A  hrnnoh  of  the  witurnl  size.    a.  A  i'liitihi  "/jfowrra.    h.  A 


enhrffi'if. 


CERCOCARPUS.' 

(HuMB,,  BoNPL.,  and  Kunth.) 


Natural  Order,  Rosace/E,  (Juss.)     (Sub-tribe,  Cercocarpece,)    Linr 
nceaii  Clamficatioii,  Icosandria,  Monogynia. 

Tube  of  the  cahjx  cylindrical,  elongated,  the  lower  part  persistent,  the 
border  hemispherical,  5-loljed,  deciduous.  Petals  none.  Skancus 
many,  seated  on  the  border  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  solitary ;  style 
terminal,  filiform,  and  villous.  Achenuun  narrow,  coriaceous,  cau- 
date, with  the  long  persistent  and  enlarging  plumose  style.  Seed 
linear. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate  straight-veined,  coriaceous, 
serrate  or  entire  leaves  on  short  petioles.  Stipules  small,  adnate  to 
the  base  of  the  petiole.  Flowers  small,  white,  axillary  or  terminating 
short  brauchlets,  mostly  clustered. 

*  The  name  derived  from  xe/uj^,  a  tail,  and  xapm)^,  a  fruit,  in  reference  to  the 
character  of  the  fruit. 


Vol.  IV.— 12 


177 


% 


FEATHER  BUSH. 


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■■§ 


Cercocarpus  ledifolius,  FoUw  crebris  pcrennantibus  lanceolatis  ifbyjris 
demum  glahris  subtus  tomcntosis  margine  rcvolutis ;  floribua  fcs.tiJ'l.'US 
paiicis  fascicidads  ;  Cauda  carpclorum  lont/issimum  tortuosum. — I^uttall, 
in  ToRREY  and  Gray,  Flor.,  Am.,  i.  p.  427.  Hooker,  Ic.  pi.,  tab.  324, 
(ined.) 

We  first  observed  this  curious  small  tree  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain range,  on  the  lofty  hills  of  Bear  River  of  Timpanogos,  near 
the  celebrated  "  Beer  Spx'iiigs,"  which  abound  with  carbonic  acid. 
We  saw  it  aftei'ward  iu  the  central  chain,  on  either  side  Thornberg's 
Ravine,  toward  the  summits  of  the  highest  ridges,  to  which,  by 
its  enduring  and  dark  verdure,  it  contriljuted  to  give  a  wild  and 
gloomy  robing,  contrasted  by  the  glitterin<i  white  of  the  impend- 
ing cliffs  of  gneiss  near  which  it  grew.  On  the  summits  of  the 
Beer  Spring  hills  it  formed  extensive  thickets,  each  tree  spread- 
ing out  many  branches  at  a  few  feet  from  the  gi'oimd  with  con- 
siderable reguloTlr ',',  rdmost  in  the  manner  of  a  Peach  Tree.  The 
stem  was  in  srime  lr<'es  about  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  the  greatest 
height  of  the  plant  did  not  exceed  fifteen  feet.  It  had  much  the 
appearance  of  a  f<tuntod  Olive  Tree,  and  was  bitterish  to  the  taste. 

The  wood  is  hard,  tough,  whitish,  and  very  close-grained, 
somcwliat  reseml)ling  that  of  the  Birch.  It  appeared  to  be  of 
slow  growth  and  sempervirent;  the  bark  smooth  and  whitish, 
the  branchlets  full  of  circular  cicatrices,  and  the  leaves  clustered 
at  the  extremities  of  the  twigs.  The  leaves  are  at  length  nearly 
smooth,  at  first  hairy,  with  a  i-jliort  pubescence,  beneath  always 
softly  villous,  with  lirownisb  cuiied  hairs;  their  form  is  lanceo- 
late, about  one  and  a  quarter  inches  long  and  three  or  four  lines 
wide,  the  border  entire  and  revolute;  beneath  the  hairs  on  the 
under  side  we  see  the  usual  straight  nerves.     The  older  leaves 

and  other  parts  of  the  plant  exude  in  small  quantities  an  aro- 
17S 


ylatis  ■ir^lf'firis 

— NUTTALL, 

pi.,  tab.  324, 

ocky  Moun- 

luogos,  near 

irbonic  acid. 

Tliornberg's 

to  which,  by 

e  a  wild  and 

the  impcnd- 

Timits  of  the 

1  tree  spread- 

nid  with  con- 

li  Tree.     The 

1  the  greatest 

lad  much  the 

h  to  the  taste. 

close-grained, 

ared  to  be  of 

and  whitish, 

aves  clustered 

length  nearly 

neath  always 

i)rm  is  lanceo 

0  or  four  lines 

0  hairs  on  the 

16  older  leaves 

.utities  an  aro- 


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FEATHER    BUSH. 


170 


matic  resin,  having  the  scent  of  that  found  on  some  species  of 
Birch,  (or  Betula.)  The  flowers  are  small  and  white,  produced  at 
the  extremities  of  the  twigs,  and  are  succeeded  by  the  fruit, 
which  forms  one  of  the  most  remarkable  and  singular  characters 
of  the  genus;  these  have  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  seeds  of 
the  Geranium,  each  small  cylindric  carpel  sending  out  a  long, 
plumose,  tortuous  tail,  nearly  two  inches  in  length,  covered  with 
yellowish-white  silky  hairs,  which,  appearing  simultaneously  all 
over  the  bush,  give  it  a  most  remarkable  and  uncommon  appear- 
ance. It  seemed  to  prefer  poor  dry  soils,  and  would  bear  the  cli- 
mate of  Europe  or  the  northern  parts  of  the  United  States  very 
well,  from  the  alpine  situations  in  which  we  uniformly  saw  it.  It 
is  somewhat  astringent  to  the  taste,  and  agreeably  though  not 
powerfully  aromatic. 

PLATE  LI. 

A  branch  of  tJie  natural  size,  with  its  fruit,    a.  Thefloxcer,    b.  The  fruit. 


'  I  ! ' 


k:    .    ! 


WEST  INDIA   DOGWOOD. 


(    i' 


!:' 


i  1 


Natural    Order,   Leguminos^e.       Linnccan    Classification,   DiA- 

DELrniA,  Decandria. 

PISCIDIA.*    (Linn.) 

Co.lyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.  Corolla  papilionaceous,  with  the  keel 
obtuse.  Stamens  monadelphous,  with  the  tenth  free  at  the  base. 
Si>jle  filiform,  glabrous.  Legume  pediccllated,  linear,  with  four 
broad  longitudinal  wings,  the  seeds  separated  by  interruptions  in 
the  pod.  The  seeds  oval  and  compressed,  with  a  lateral  hylum ; 
embryo  curved ;  cotyledons  thick  and  elliptic ;  the  radicle  in- 
flected.— West  India  trees,  with  deciduous,  unequally-pinnated 
leaves,  produced  after  the  development  of  the  flowers. 


iiijfil 


JAMAICA  DOGWOOD. 


i     !' 


r'' 


PisciDiA  Erythrina.     FoUoUs  omtis,  leguminis  stipite  calyce  midio  Ion- 

giore,  alls  inierruptis. 
PisciDiA  Erythrina. — Linn.,  Sp.  pi.    Jacq.,  Amer.,  p.  206.    Swartz, 

Obs.,  p.  277.     Macfadyen,  Flora  of  Jamaica,  vol.  i.  p.  258. 
Ichthyomcthia  folds  pinnutis  omits,  racemis  terminalibus,  sdiqids  quadri- 

alatis. — Browne,  Jamaica,  p.  296. 
Coral  arbor  polyphylla  non  spinosa,  fraxini  folio,  siliqua  alls  foliaceis 

exslantibus  rotae  molendinarioi  fliiviaiilis  acuta, — Sloane,  Jam.,  vol.  ii. 

p.  32,  tab.  170,  figs.  4,  5.    Lamarck,  lUust.,  tab.  GOr),  tig.  A. 
Psmdo-acaria,  sillquis  alaiis. — Pmimier,  Icon.,  229,  tab.  233,  fig.  2. 

*  The  Diiiue  from  piscis,  a  fiah,  in  allusion  to  its  eiuplo^meut  as  a  tish-poison. 
180 


OD. 


ation,   DiA- 


!vith  the  keel 
at  the  base, 
u',  with  four 
Lerruptions  in 
iteral  hylum; 
le  radicle  in- 
ually-pinnated 


•s. 


calyce  multo  Ion- 

,.    206.      SWARTZ, 

i.  p.  258. 

IS,  siUquis  quadri- 

'iqm  alls  foUaceis 
ANE,  Jam.,  vol.  ii. 
;05,  tig.  A. 
h.  233,  fig.  2. 

iut  as  a  fish-poison. 


li.  i|!, 


liMII 


l''!l 


i 


'■l^'H-ni 


I 


In 


El  ?;ti 


III 


PI.  IJI. 


in    hi 


!!« 


Hi'i.<ii/;ui/  ./,■  !•!  .liiiliiililll,' 


JAMAICA    1)  0  G  W  U  U  D. 


181 


The  Jamaica  Dogwood  is  a  native  of  the  Antilles  as  well  as 
of  the  neighboring  continent  of  America,  having  been  observed 
by  Humboldt  and  Bonpland  in  the  mountainous  places  in  New 
Spain,  between  Acapulco  and  Mazatlan,  and  we  have  now  to 
record  it  as  a  native  of  Key  West,  in  East  Florida,  where  it  was 
collected  by  Dr.  Blodgett.  It  becomes  a  tree  of  about  twenty  to 
twenty-five  feet  in  height,  not  remarkable  for  the  elegance  of  its 
form,  the  branches  being  straggling,  but  yet  beautiful  in  the 
season  of  flowering,  which  is  about  April,  when,  with  blossoms 
similar  to  our  favorite  White  Locust,  [liohiiiia  psciulo-acacia,) 
the  whole  summit  of  the  tree  is  profusely  loaded;  they  come 
out  some  time  before  the  leaves,  in  numerous  panicles  or  spread- 
ing clusters,  of  a  whitish  color,  mixed  with  purple;  the  upper- 
most petal  or  vexillum  in  the  centre  tinged  with  green.  The 
vexillum,  externally,  as  well  as  the  calyx,  is  covered  with  a 
silky  pubescence.  The  leaves  are  unecptally  pinnate,  with 
about  five  leaflets,  which  are  either  broad-ovate  or  obovate,  and 
slightly  acuminate,  entire,  and  beneath,  as  well  as  the  foot- 
stalk, more  or  less  pubescent,  particularly  when  young.  The 
pod  is  large,  stipitate,  and  villous,  with  four  broad  undulated 
longitudinal  wings. 

In  Jamaica,  this  is  esteemed  one  of  the  best  timber  trees  in 
the  island;  the  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  and  resinous,  coarse,  cross- 
grained,  and  of  a  light  brown  color;  it  is  very  durable  either  in 
or  out  of  water.  It  makes  excellent  piles  for  wharves;  and  the 
stakes  soon  form,  in  the  tropical  comitries  it  inhabits,  a  good 
live  fence.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  very  astringent :  it  cures 
the  mange  in  dogs,  and  would  probably  answer  well  for  the  tan- 
ning of  leather:  it  is  best  known,  however,  for  its  effects  as  a 
fish-poison,  for  which  purpose  it  is  pounded  and  mixed  with  the 
water  in  some  deep  part  of  a  river  or  creek,  when  the  water 
soon  acquires  a  reddish  shade,  and  in  a  few  minutes  the  fish 
begin  to  rise  to  the  surface?,  where  they  float,  as  if  they  were 
dead ;  the  larger  ones,  however,  recover,  but  the  smaller  fry  are 


! 


II 


I'.  I 

\ir\ 


182 


JAMAICA    DOGWOOD. 


destroyed.  The  tincture  of  the  bark,  indeed,  is  found  to  be  an 
intense  narcotic,  and  has  been  employed  beneficially  to  relieve 
the  pain  produced  by  carious  teeth.  Jacquin  observes  that  this 
quality  of  intoxicating  fish  is  found  in  many  other  American 
plants.  Tephrosia  toxicaria  of  South  America  and  T.  piscatoria 
of  India  and  the  South  Sea  Islands,  both  plants  of  the  same 
family  with  the  present,  likewise  possess  the  faculty  of  intoxi- 
cating fish. 

PLATE  LII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  flowers  and  young  pods.    b.  TTte 

more  perfect  pod. 


I,:   !.; 


!:!   '■' 


ind  to  be  an 
lly  to  relieve 
ves  that  this 
er  American 
T.  piscatoria 
of  the  same 
Ity  of  intoxi- 


pods.    h.  The. 


m 


V:l 


'!   '  'f 


M 


III;      I 


] 


ii* 


"\W]'. 


i,i  -I 


A('uci;i  l:iluili(|iUi 

Hr/iiut  poddfd  .  ^Citeia  <  /«</<f«f  «  (uryr  .utufur 


iM,  i,m 


'N, 


laiyt  .uttf**>f 


■'•  \: 


ill 
i      I 


M    IJt 


■V    -       n 


ACACIA.* 

(Necker,  Willd.) 


Natural    Order,   LEGUMixoSi«.      Lirmcean    Classification,   PoLY- 

GAMIA,  MoNdXIA. 

Flowers  POLYGAMOUS,  porfoot  and  Btaminlferous. —  O0>jx  4  to  5- 
toothcd.  Petals  four  to  five,  distinct,  or  united  into  a  nionopetalous, 
4  to  5-cloft  corolla.  Stamais:,  from  eight  or  ten  to  two  hundred. 
Legume  without  interruptions  between  the  seeds,  dry,  (without 
pulp,)  and  1-valved. 

These  are  trees  and  shrubs  princijially  of  warm  or  mild  climates,  with 
or  without  stipular  or  scattered  spines.  Tiie  leaves  are  usually  small 
and  variously  pinnated:  sometimes  (particularly  in  the  Xew  Holland 
species)  the  true  leaves  in  the  adult  are  abortive,  and  the  simple  leaty 
petioles,  called  phylloucs,  alone  supply  their  place.  Flowers  often 
yellow,  more  rarely  white  or  red,  disposed  in  s[)herical  heads  ov  in 
spikes. 


fi 


l?^ 


BROAD-PODDED    ACACIA. 

Acacia  latisii.iqua.  iKcnnls  (jlnhra,  jihinis  Ct-jiigis,  fi)UiiUs  10-l')-jiiifh 
('l(lj)tiris  uhliisis^  stif mil's  hracli  iforiiiiliiis  (lliiildiato-etirihit'is^  cn/iiln/ii' 
piiliinrtihttis  at/fnr(/iills  in  fo^iii'ulum  tennlnnhm  sutnfisposilis.  hiimninc 
loiif/e  sllpilfitd,  pinna,  iitrinque  ueiitn. — Pr.CAND.,  Prod.,  vol.  ii.  p.  4t!7. 

Acacia  i.atisiliqua.  Iiwrmis,  fnVii^  hiji'iinuitls  partlalihi's  fjiif'tii/"ij"(/i's, 
raviis  flexuosis,  ijcmniis  ghihosls. — LiNX.,  Sp.  pi.     I'Eiisod.v,  Synojis., 


*  An  ancient  Orcck  name,  from  nxn'ui,  tn  jininl,  or  flinrpcn,  many  of  the  spp 

oieH  being  tlioniy, 

is;; 


V 


I  i 


Ir:! 


i*. 


;  P  !!'■"?: 


li     <!: 


I     1 


184 


BROAD- PODDED     ACACIA. 


vol.  ii.  p.  265.     WiLLD.,  Sp.,  vol.  iv.  p.  1067.     Macfadyen,  Flor. 
Jam.,  vol.  i.  p.  ;318. 
Arnck  von  sjyhiosa,  siliqnis  latis  compressis,  flore  albo. — Plumier,  (Ed. 
Burm.,)  t.  6. 

This  ,s[)Ocies,  like  man\' others  of  the  genus,  remai'kable  by  its 
light,  waving,  feather-like  foliage,  is,  according  to  Dr.  Blodgett, 
rare  at  Key  West,  where  it  becomes  a  very  hirge  and  spreading 
tree,  flowering  in  the  month  of  May.  It  is  also  a  native  of  the 
West  Indies  and  the  warmer  parts  of  the  neighboring  continent, 
where  it  was  found  by  Plumier  and  Aublet.  According  to 
Macfadyen,  it  is  a  cultivated  plant  in  Jamaica.  It  bears  a  great 
resemblance  to  the  Acacia  figured  by  Catesby,  tab.  42,  which  is 
quoted  as  .1.  (jlaitra,  though  by  no  means  the  same  plant  as 
Plate  30  of  Trew,  which  latter  is  the  species  most  commonly 
cultivated  under  that  name. 

The  wood  of  this  Acacia  is  said  to  be  white,  hard,  and  close- 
grained.  The  trunk,  as  described  by  Catesby,  attains  a  diameter 
of  three  feet,  and  is  accounted  an  excellent  wood,  next  to  the 
mahogany  of  Jamaica,  and  is  the  best  to  be  found  in  the  Bahama 
Tslands.  For  curious  cabinet-work  it  excels  mahogany  in  its 
variable  shining  tints,  which  appear  like  watered  satin.  Several 
s[)ecies  of  the  genus  afford  very  hard  and  durable  wood. 

The  small  branches  in  this  species  are  gray,  slender,  and 
homewhat  zigzag.  The  leaves  are  bipinnate,  on  main  petioles,  a 
little  more  than  an  inch  long;  between  the  first  pair  of  pinnules 
is  usually  seen  on  the  petiole  a  projecting  though  sometimes 
merely  a  depressed  gland;  the  next  pairs  are  without  glands  to 
the  summit  of  the  leaf-stalk,  where  there  is  then  another 
depressed  gland.  The  i)innules  vary  in  our  plant  from  two  to 
four  pair;  (we  have  not  seen  ^^\\\)  The  leaflets  of  the  pinnule 
are  oblong-elliptic,  nearly  smooth,  obtuse,  somewhat  oblique, 
and  rounded  at  base,  in  from  eight  to  fifteen  or  sixteen  pairs. 
From  the  axils  of  the  two  or  three  ui)perm()st  leaves  come  out 
eimple    or    aggregated    peduncles,    usually    by    tiirees,    above, 


BROAD-PODDED    ACACIA. 


185 


running  together  so  as  to  form  a  small,  sparse-flowered  panicle, 
with  each  of  the  clusters  subtended  by  rather  large,  deciduous, 
amplexicaule,  semicordate  and  acuminate  smooth  bractes,  which 
resemble  stipules.  The  flowers  are  disposed  in  spherical,  rather 
email  heads,  on  peduncles  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long: 
they  appear  white  from  the  color  of  the  long,  tortuous,  hair-like 
stamens.  The  calyx  is  canescent,  with  a  close  pubescence,  and 
five-cleft  at  the  summit.  The  corolla  is  deeply  five-parted,  and  of 
a  purplish  brown,  with  oblong-lanceolate  divisions.  The  stamens 
are  ten  or  more,  with  very  long  filaments,  and  very  small  whitish 
rounded  anthers.  The  legume  (according  to  Dr.  Blodgett)  is 
four  or  five  inches  long,  flat,  thin,  many-seeded,  and  an  inch  or 
more  in  breadth. 

PLATE  LIII. 

A  small  branch  of  the  natural  size,    a,  Thejlower  somewJiat  etilarged. 


IV.— 12* 


-:1m; 


!  .'  il 


I  N  G  A.' 

(Plumiek,  Willd.) 


Natural    Order,   Leguminosje.      Linncmn    Classification,   Poly- 

GAMIA,  MoNffiCIA. 

Flowers  polygamous,  perfect,  and  male. — Cali/x  5-tootlied.  Corolla 
monopetalous,  tubular-funnel-formed,  exceeding  the  calyx  in  length, 
with  the  border  regular  and  4  or  5-cleft.  Stamina  numerous,  ex- 
serted,  (10  to  200,)  with  the  capillary  filaments  more  or  less  united 
into  a  tube.  Legume  broadly  linear,  compressed,  1-celled.  Seeds 
usually  covered  with  pulp,  more  rarely  with  a  pellicle  or  with  fari- 
naceous matter. 

Shrubs  or  trees  of  warm  or  tropical  climates,  chiefly  indigenous  to 
India  and  America,  usually  unarmed.  Flowers  in  spikes  or  globular 
heads,  red  or  white,  rarely  yellow. 


BLUNT-LEAYED   INGA. 

Inoa  UNQUis-CATi.f    Spuiis  sHpularibiis  reetis,  fol'ds  conjugato-geminatis, 
foliolis  subrotundo-ellipticis  subdimidiatis  membranaceis  glabris,  glandula 

*  An  American  name  adopted  by  Plumier. 

"I"  The  specific  name  of  unguis-cati  alludes  to  the  short  and  rather  concealed 
thorns  with  which  this  tree  is  provided.     Browne  calls  it  the  hlack-head  shrub, 
and  from  others  in  Jamaica,  according  to  Macfadycn,  it  receives  the  names  of 
Barhari/  Thorn  and  Nephritic  Tree. 
18G 


tlm,    POLY- 


led.  Corolla, 
yx  in  length, 
umerous,  ex- 
)r  less  united 
jelled.  Seeds 
>  or  with  fari- 


indigenoua  to 
es  or  globular 


jugato-geminatis, 
ghbris,  glandula 


i  rather  concealed 

black-bead  shrub, 

ivea  the  names  of 


Ill 


IM    4 


11 


!;  :!i 


pSii'J!l:ll! 


:f  H-l 


!     ) 


.■.«vr" 


II.  I,IV 


T  fmclmri  Lull  I'M 


lii'i;i  rii'i»i.s  Culi. 
tiliint  liuiivil  hiiiii  hiiiii  oniili  ,1,  ,l\,it 


I- 
I     i 


:!     II 


^i:  '.  :i!  i.: 


f  ■ 

I'  .'(I 


ri' 


! 


BLUNT-LEAVED    INGA. 


187 


in  dicholomia  pdloU  glahn  et  inter  foliola,  Jlorum  cajntulis  ghbosis  in  race- 
mum  terminalem  disposiiis,  Icgumine  torlo. — Decand.,  Prod.,  vol.  ii. 
p.  480. 

Mimosa  nnguis-cati. — J^inn.,  Spec,  499.  TVilld.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  iv.  p. 
1006.  Jacquin,  Hort.  Scliocnbrnnn,  vol.  ii.  tab.  34.  Descourt., 
Flor.  Antil.,  vol.  i.  tab.  11.  Swartz.,  Obs.,  p.  389.  Macfadyen, 
Flor.  Jam.,  vol.  i.  p.  306. 

Acacia  quadrifolia,  siliquis  circbuitis  —  Plumier,  (Ed.  Burmau,)  Icon.  4. 
Pluken.,  tab.  1,  fig.  6. 

Acacia  arhorca  major  spinosa,  pinnis  qaatuor,  siliquis  varie  iniortis. — 
Sloane,  Hist.  Jam.,  vol.  ii.  p.  56. 

Mimosa  fndicosa,  foliis  ovalis  binato-hinaiis,  seminibus  atro-nitcntibus, — 
Browne,  Jamaic,  p.  252. 


This  very  singular-leaved  tree,  attaining  about  the  height  of 
from  ten  to  twenty  feet,  is  indigenous  to  many  of  the  West  India 
Islands,  as  well  as  to  Cumana  and  Cayenne  on  the  neighboring 
continent,  where  it  was  observed  by  Humboldt  and  Bonpland, 
and  in  the  latter  place  by  Aublet.  This  is  also  another  of  the 
Caribbean  productions  which  extends  to  the  limits  of  the  United 
States,  having  been  recently  found  in  Key  West  by  our  friend 
Dr.  Blodgett. 

The  wood  is  said  to  be  yellow,  the  summit  of  the  tree  irregular, 
and  the  branches  straggling.  The  smaller  twigs  arc  round  and 
gray,  inclining  to  brown,  and  covered  with  minute  warts.  The 
thorns  are  stipular,  or  come  out  at  the  junction  of  the  leaf  with 
the  stem ;  they  vary  in  size,  but  are  always  short,  and  in  some 
of  the  twigs  wholly  absent.  The  leaves  are  bipinnate,  only  four 
in  number,  the  leaflets  on  each  pinulo  being  only  a  single  pair, 
sessile,  obovate,  very  obtuse  or  subemarginate  and  rounded  above, 
glabrous  and  of  a  thin  texture,  with  widely-reticulated  ner\'cs; 
the  petiole  channelled  above,  with  a  hollow  circular  gland  at  the 
junction  of  the  secondary  petioles.  Eacemes  terminal,  thyrsoid, 
the  pedicels  long  and  fastigiato,  almost  like  a  corynil).  Flowers 
greenish   yellow  and  smooth,  in  glolwse  heads.     Calyx  small, 


f\ 


188 


GUADALOUPE    INGA. 


I  ■ ' ' ! 


']: 


five-toothed.  Corolla  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
five-cleft  toward  the  summit,  the  segments  acute.  Filaments 
numerous,  slender,  and  capillary,  yellow,  three  times  the  length 
of  the  corolla.  Legume  torulose,  spirally  twisted,  of  a  reddish- 
purple  colour;  seeds  five  or  six,  black,  shining,  roundish,  com- 
pressed, half  covered  with  a  white,  fleshy,  arillus-like  pellicle. 

This  plant  has  the  credit  of  being  a  sovereign  remedy  for 
nephritic  complaints,  for  the  stone  and  gravel,  and  also  for  ob- 
structions of  the  liver.  The  bark  is  the  part  employed;  and 
Barham  states  (in  his  account  of  Jamaica,  where  this  tree  grows) 
that  in  his  time  it  was  in  such  general  use  that  it  was  rare  to 
meet  with  a  tree  that  had  not  been  barked.  The  decoction,  of 
a  red  color,  is  very  astringent,  and  acts  as  a  diuretic.  It  has  also 
been  emplo}  od  externally  as  a  lotion  and  injection,  to  remove  the 
relaxation  of  the  parts.  Upon  the  whole,  it  would  seem  to  be 
entitled  to  the  notice  of  physicians,  and  deserves  a  further 
examination. 

PLATE  LIV. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.   Thejlotcer  somewhat  enlarged. 


GUADALOUPE  INGA. 


Inga  Guadalupensts.  Inermis,  foliis  conjwiato-gcminatis,  foUolis  obovatis 
subrhombeis  obtasis  vcnosls  glaberrmis,  r/landula  in  dichotomia  petioli 
glabri  et  inter  foliola,  capitulis  globosis  pedicellatis  racemosis,  legumine 
torto  glabro. — Decand.,  Prod.,  vol.  ii.  p.  436. 

Mimosa  Guadalupensis.  Foliis  bijugis  foliolis  ovalibus.  obliquis  sub- 
coriaceis,  capitulis  corgmbosis. — Persoon,  Synops.,  vol.  ii.  p.  262. 

This  species  also  becomes  a  tree  of  twelve  to  twent_^  feet  ele- 
vation at  Key  West,  according  to  the  observation  of  the  same 


lie  calyx, 
tf'ilaments 
lie  length 
L  reddish- 
lish,  com- 
lellicle. 
imedy  for 
Iso  for  ob- 
)ycd;  and 
ree  grows) 
i^as  rare  to 
coction,  of 
It  has  also 
•emove  the 
;eem  to  be 
a  further 


nlarged. 


oliolis  obovaiis 
oiomia  petioU 
osis,  legumine 

obliqids   suh- 
[.  p.  262. 

;nt    feet  ele- 
of  the  same 


\i 


;:!:       !:      I    ill 


!i"  I :  iir   :! 


ii 


If'P 


•I  •■ 


1 

i 
1 

i 

1 

■  1 

■8 

i 

1 ' 

Irj 

1 

il' 

1 

m 

Ij 

111 

PI.  I,V 


••V 


'  'in,/., 


msLith  i'htl 


7*liii..  -itli 


liic'ii    ('<ii(iihilii|ifiiis 


liu.l.l.lli'll/"    III,/, I 


lll,l,l      ill     1,1     I'lhlili'l,!!!)'! 


i  (it 


(  :    I 


GUADALOUPE     INGA. 


189 


gentleman  who  discovered  the  preceding.  The  specimen  de- 
scribed by  Persoon  came  from  the  island  of  Guadaloupc.  Decan- 
dolle  suspects  that  it  may  be  a  more  thornless  variety  of  the  pre- 
ceding species,  {I.  unguis-cati ;)  but,  from  numerous  specimens 
which  we  have  inspected  from  Florida,  there  can  renuiin  very 
little  doubt  of  its  distinction  as  a  peculiar  species. 

The  snines  appear  to  be  wholly  wanting;  the  bark  of  the 
branches  is  gray  and  rough  with  minute  warts.  The  petioles  are 
about  three  lines  long,  and  of  the  same  length  with  the  partial 
ones;  both  are  strongly  gi'ooved  aiid  disti)ictly  articulated.  The 
leaves  are  smooth  and  coriaceous,  shining  above,  dull  and  paler 
beneath,  delicately  and  reticulately  veined,  quite  opaque  from 
their  thickness,  cuneate-oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse,  and 
sometimes  rounded  at  the  apex,  at  other  times  rather  acute  and 
apiculated.  A  depressed  gland  at  the  summit  of  the  petiole 
between  the  stalks,  and  also  one  less  distinct  between  the  pairs 
of  leatlets.  The  flowers  are  axillary  and  long-i)edunculate ;  tliey 
likewise  terminate  the  branches  in  corymbose  racemes,  "he 
heads  of  flowers  arc  hemispherical,  and  appear  to  have  been 
yellowish  green.  The  calyx  is  campanulate,  with  acute  and 
very  distinct  teeth;  the  corolla  is  moiiopetalous,  more  widely 
camjianulate  at  the  summit,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  with 
acute  segments.  The  pods  are  dark  purplish  brown,  i;uich 
curved,  three  to  four  inches  long,  about  half  an  inch  wide, 
attenuated  at  the  base,  torulose  and  irregularly  narrowed  between 
the  seeds,  but  not  intercepted  within.  The  seeds  are  deej)  black, 
somewhat  compressed,  and  at  one  extremity  half  covered  by  a 
bright  rose-red  fleshy  and  lobed  arillus. 


PLATE  LV. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.   The  ripe  pod.     b.   The  seed. 


\'  \{ 


I'll  ! 


^ii  i• 


SCH^FFEIlA.* 

(Jacquin.) 


!  'f 


Natural  Order,  CelaSTRINE^?     Linncean  Classification,  DiCECiA, 

Tetraxdria. 

DiCECious. —  Cahjx  small,  4-partocl,  persistent.  Pdnls  four,  alternating 
with  the  sepals.  Stamina  four,  opposite  to  the  petals.  Ovarium 
2-cellcfl.  Sticfmas  two.  Berry  dry,  bipartite,  cells  1-seeded.  Seed 
erect,  i)lano-convex ;  albumen  fleshy ;  embrj-o  central,  straight,  and 
flat. 


Trees  of  Tropical  America,  with  alternate,  entire,  coriaceous  leaves ; 
stipules  none ;  flowers  several,  axillary,  small  and  pedicellated,  white 
or  green. 


:.  jii: 


JAMAICA   BOXWOOD. 

SciiiKi'FKRA  luxiFOLiA.      FolUs  lamcolalo-omtis  basi  attenmtis  pkrisquc 

nnilis  ratnuUffjae  glabris,  pctalis  riridis  uhtusis. 
knijEVVEiuA  FUUTKsciiNs,  biixifalia.     Foliis  latius  ovatis  niucronatis. 

— l)ii('AM).,  Prod.,  vol.  ii.  p.  41.     Lam.,  Illust.,  t.  809. 
JBiixi  folio  Diiijiire  aciimiiiato,  arbor  bticeiftnu  frtietu  minore  crocco  dipyrcm. 

— Sloane,  Hist.  Jamaica,  vol.  ii.  p.  102,  tab.  200,  fig.  1. 

According  to  Dr.  Blodgett,  this  plant,  common  at  Key  West 
and  on  the  ndjoining  keys  of  Eaf<t  Florida,  becomes  a  tree  of 


*  Named  iu  honor  of  Juuics  Christiun  Scluvffcr,  of  llutisboii,  author  of  several 
botunieiil  works. 
I'.Hj 


II    t 


,  Dkecia, 


Iternatiiig 

Ovarium 

ded.     Seed 

raight,  and 


)U8  leaves ; 
ited,  white 


itis  iilerisque 
inucronatirt. 
ceo  dipyreno. 


Key  West 
?  a  tree  of 

thor  of  several 


4 


PI  l,VI 


I  HitijIinlH* 


I 


MX 


H-. 


<,lfiillriA  i\   liiiillf<   lif  hni.i 


!  IN; 


!!■■  I- 


!    .    •,!'  ,h  :;      ' 


JAMAICA    BOXWOOD. 


191 


thirty  feet  in  height,  and  is  an  article  of  export  from  tlio  Ba- 
hama Islands,  where  it  is  valued  at  about  forty  dollars  the  ton. 
From  Poiteau's  "  Herbarium,"  it  appears  to  grow  in  th  "  ^land 
of  St.  Domingo;  it  is  also  apparently  identical  with  the  Jamaica 
plant  of  Sloane.  The  wood  is  pale  yellow,  very  close  and  fino- 
grai  led,  and  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  that  of  the  true  Box, 
which  name  it  bears  in  the  Bahamas. 

The  twigs  are  slender  and  covered  with  a  light  gray  bark. 
The  leaves  are  very  smooth  and  shining  on  the  upper  surface, 
with  slender  branching  veins,  lanceolate  and  very  acute,  yet  on 
the  lower  part  of  the  same  specimen  blunt  or  even  emarginato ; 
but  they  are  always  narrowed  below.  The  male  flowers  (the 
only  ones  I  have  seen)  ai"e  small,  on  very  short  peduncles,  three 
or  four  together,  with  a  rather  minute  calyx,  and  four  broadish, 
green,  oblong,  obtuse  petals.  The  stamens  are  usually  four, 
shorter  than  the  petals,  sometimes  more  by  the  ingraftment  of 
two  peduncles.  The  stigmas  are  two,  and  short.  The  berries 
rather  flattened  and  two-lobed,  about  the  size  of  a  grain  of  cubebs, 
dry,  but  with  a  thick  integument,  two-celled,  two-seeded,  and  of 
a  pale  orange-yellow  when  ripe.  Appearances  of  resin  ai'e  visible 
on  some  of  the  buds,  and  the  berries  have  rather  an  acrid  bitter 
taste,  something  like  that  of  tobacco;  yet,  notwithstanding 
their  disagreeable  taste,  they  are  greedily  devoured  by  ])irds. 

The  white  flowers  of  S.  frutescens,  the  S.  completa  of  Swartz, 
and  its  humble  stature,  appear  to  distinguish  it  from  our  plant. 


PLATE  LVI. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  malefloicer.    b.   The  fruit. 


'!  ■'  '  1 


I  ! 


1! 


Iit!!!!| 


CEANOTHUS.* 

(Linn.,  in  part.) 


Natural    Order,  Rhamne^e,   (Decand.)    Linncean    Classification, 
Pentandria,  Monogynia. 

Calyx  campanulate,  shortly  5-cleft,  with  the  border  deciduous.  Petals 
five,  cucullate,  and  arched,  exserted,  with  long  claws.  S/amcns  ex- 
serted.  Disk  thickened  at  the  margin  surrounding  the  ovary. 
Styles  three,  united  to  the  middle.  Fruit  dry  and  rigid,  mostly 
3-celled,  obtusely  triangular,  seated  on  the  persistent  tube  of  the 
calyx,  tricoccous,  dehiscing  by  the  inner  sutures.  Seeds  obovate, 
even. 

Shrubs  or  undershrubs,  rarely  small  trees,  of  the  temperate  parts  of 
America.  Roots  large  and  ligneous.  ]  cnves  alternate,  ovate  or 
elliptical,  mostly  serrate,  sometimes  entire,  persistent  or  deciduous. 
Flowers  white  or  blue,  in  umbel-like  clusters,  aggregated  at  the 
extremities  of  the  branches  into  thyrsoid  corymbs.  The  taste  of  the 
root  and  most  other  parts  of  the  plant  more  or  less  astringent.  One 
of  the  species  was  formerly  employed  as  a  succedaneum  for  tea,  and 
hence  the  name  of  "iVew  Jersey  Tea." 

*  An  ancient  Greek  name  employed  by  Theophrastus  for  a  plant  now  unknown. 


192 


lassiflcatian, 


lous.  Petals 
Stamens  ex- 
r  tiie  ovary, 
rigid,  mostly 
t  tube  of  the 
'eeds  obovatc, 


erate  parts  of 
ate,  ovate  or 
3r  deciduous, 
(gated  at  the 
e  taste  of  the 
•ingent.  One 
a  for  tea,  and 


now  unknown. 


Troe  (Vaiiotlms 

<\ani<lhu,f  tftvr,tif'lt>ni«  (eaitofhe  thrrsifJore . 


\11 


I 


I  ■■ 


II  l» 


TREE   CEANOTHUS. 

Ceaxotiu's  TiiYiisii-i.dKrs.     Arlinrc'i,  crci-fa ,-  rdmis (Oifiulatis,  fnli'is ovato- 


(jhibris,    snhlns   sobr'dh 


(iHlS  , 


tl'U' 


'jljf<)iifjo-iiraliljn.<<    (lc)'isill(iri>    ruri/ni- 


Ijiill.s  (ixilhirlhiis  li  riiniif(Hht(stjiir,  vnnus  forifivis  fi>htisi>: ;  jhiviliKf:  azun  is. 
Ci:ANOTiir.<  lhiirs:jhirii><. — Ksciiolts,  in  Afcni.  Arad.  8t.  Pctorsl).,  (182(5.) 
IFooKKH,   Klor.  J')()r.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  12.").     IIookku  and  Aunott,  in 
Bot.  Beecliy,  p.   lo<J.     ToRKiiv  and  Gkay,  vol.  i.  p.  200. 


Tlioccii  .several  s[)ecii'.s  of  tliis  elegant  tieiuis  in  CaliHjrnia, 
Oregon,  and  along  the  northwest  eoast,  Ijeeonio  considerable 
shruhs,  this  is  the  only  one  which  can  he  classed  among  trees. 
It  was  somewhat  ahnndant  on  dry,  gravelly  hills  in  the  vicinity 
of  Monterey,  where  I  arrived  in  the  month  of  Marc.'h,  about 
the  time  that  it  was  burstinii'  into  llower.  My  attention  was 
called  to  it  in  the  w<)o<l-[)ile,  where  considerable  stems,  at  least 
a.s  thick  as  a  man's  leg.  la}-  consigned  to  the  ignoble  but  still 
impoitant  use  of  firewood.  The  wood  api)eared  hard,  tough, 
of  a  reddish  color,  and  it  afforded  a  diirabU'  fuel,  Tiie  branches 
Avere  tortuous,  s[)reading,  and  covered  with  a  loiigh  bark;  the 
branchlets  green  and  angular.  Leaves  nearly  elliptic,  the 
uppermost  ovate-oblong,  all  glandularly  sei'rulate  ;  above  smooth, 
beneath  pubescent,  particularly  along  the  tliree  sti'ong  nerves 
which  traverse  the  leaf  to  the  summit;  tlie  [u'tioles  very  short; 
the  upper  branchlets  terminating  in  thyrsoid  i)anicles  of  deep 
blue  and  very  elegant  flowers,  made  \\\)  of  numerous  round, 
den.se  clusters,  in  small  corymbs;  tiie  terminal  mass  oval,  about 
tiirce  inches  long  by  about  an  inch  in  widtli;  the  clusters  are 
Hubtendi'd   by  ovate,  acuminate,   broad,  villous,  and   i 


Iccid 


uous 


bractes.     The  caly.x.  pt'tals.  and  lu'tluncles,  are  of  a  dee|t  sky- 
the  seguu'iits  of  the  calyx    ovate;    the  petals,  as  usual. 


bl 


unjiuiculate  and  e.xserted.  as  wr 


11  as  the  istamens;  the  anlherrt 


are  yellow.     With  the  I'luit  1  am  wholly  uiuictiuuinted. 


Vol,.  IV.— l:t 


lua 


194 


TREE     CEANOTHUS. 


As  this  is  a  hardy  and  very  ornamental  plant,  it  well  deserves 
cultivation.  The  flowers  appear  early  in  the  spring,  and  the 
whole  summit  of  the  tree  appears  of  an  intense  blue. 

The  bark  of  the  Ceanotkus  azitreiis,  a  plant  allied  to  the  pre- 
sent species,  is  esteemed  in  Mexico  as  a  febrifuge. 

PLATE  LVII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  Thefiower. 


Ceanothus  macrocar'pus. — Nutt.,  in  Torrey  and  Gray.  As  this  is 
not  the  plant  of  Willdenow,  I  take  this  opportunity  of  correcting 
the  error,  and  propose  to  call  it  Ceanothus  mcf/acarj^us. 

Persimmon,  {Diospunis  Viryiniana.)  /3  pubescens.  FoUis  suhtus  mol- 
liier  pilosis. 

Of  this  remarkable  variety,  with  the  leaves  softly  pilose 
beneath,  I  have  seen  specimens  from  Louisiana,  collected  by 
Mr.  Teinturier ;  and  a  very  similar  but  less  pubescent  variety 
was  found  in  Georgia  by  the  late  Dr.  Baldwin,  (according  to 
gpecimens  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
in  this  place.) 


11  deserves 
2;,  and  the 


3> 


to  the  pre- 


As  this  is 
f  correcting 

!  siibtus  mol- 


jftly  pilose 
oUected  by 
ent  variety 
ceording  to 
ral  Sciences 


•tu 


'1 


IJ 


I     I 


i  1:    I 


H  1  li. 

i' 


::li 


Siuik*'  WimmI  . 


I'lLVUl 


/iW//A  itm  .■inifi'iiXiita . 


Hois  i/e  (hu/ftufiY.. 


J'lLVUl 


%  ■  .-f^' 


\: 


■1  ' 


X^- 


■^    \ 


\>n'. 


COLUBRINA. 

(Richard.) 


Natural  Order,  Rhamne^.     Linnaean  Classijwathn,  Pentandria, 

MoNOCtYNIA. 

Calyx  spreading,  5-cleft;  the  tube  hemispherical.  Petals  five,  ob- 
ovate,  convolute.  Stamens  five,  with  ovate,  2-celled  anthers.  Disk 
fleshy,  rather  flat,  slightly  5-angled.  Otary  immersed  in  and  ad- 
hering to  the  disk,  3-celled.  Style  trifid.  Stigmas  three.  Fruit 
capsular,  dehiscent,  tricoccous,  girt  at  the  base  by  the  adnate,  per- 
manent, entire  tube  of  the  calyx.  Seeds  furnished  with  a  short 
Btalk,  the  testa  coriaceous,  very  smooth. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  Tropical  America  and  Asia.  Leaves  alternate, 
with  pinnate  nerves,  and  reticulated  with  transverse  veins.  Flowers 
in  short,  axillary  cymes. 


!.  it    ! 

%  -I 


'  r 


SNAKE-WOOD. 

CoLUBRiNA    Americana.     Foliis  ovatis  suhammimtis  integris,  subtus 

ramulis  Jloribusque  femigineo-villosis,  floribus  axillaribus   corymboso 

adgregatis. 
Cfanothus  colubrinus. — Lamarck.    Decand.,  Prod.,  vol.  ii.  p.   31. 

Persoon,  Synops.,  vol.  i.  p.  244. 
RiiAMNUS  colubrinus.— J ACQVi:^,  Anicr.,  74,  No.  2,  Hort.  Vindobou., 

vol.  iii.  tab.  50.     Vohel,  Icon,  rar.,  tab.  105.    Linn.,  Syst.,  vol.  i. 

p.  195. 

195 


'IT!: 


■' 


Mm 


y\' 


liHj 


itii 

m 


■f  ii 


;>f   I 


>i.  I  lli|:|.llil 


'I  i  '   I  ml 


iiiiliil:   Ifiillliii 

iUll.ilfJll,'! 


mm 

■"IN. 


196 


SNAKE-WOOD. 


KitAMNUS  arhorcus,  follis  obovalis  rcnosis,  capsulh  aphccricis,  inferne  ad 
mcJIctatrm  cahiptrati.^. — TJrowne,  Janiaic,  p.  172,  Xo.  2. 

RiiAMNUs  fariif/iiicus. — Ni'TT.,  in  Tokuey  and  Gkat,  Flora  N".  Am., 
vol.  i.  p.  2(53,  and  .Tourii.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc,  Philad.,  vol.  vii.  p.  90. 

Arbor  bacdfura  indica,  follis  majoribus  splcndcnlibus  fiorc  pcntapclah. — 
CoMM.,  Hort.,  p.  475,  tab.  90. 

A  FLOAVKUIXG  specimen  of  this  tree  was  collected  at  Key 
West,  ill  East  Florida,  by  Mr.  Titian  Poale.  From  this  im- 
perfect relic  I  conceived  it  to  belong  to  a  new  species,  which  I 
hence  called  the  ferruginous  Buckthorn ;  but  on  comparing  it 
more  attentively  with  a  fmo  specimen  of  Rharmius  coluhriuus, 
collected  in  St.  Domingo  by  Poiteau,  I  felt  satisfied  of  their 
identity.  It  is  indigenous  to  the  islands  of  St.  Martin,  the 
Bahamas,  Jamaica,  St.  Domingo,  and  Cuba,  where,  on  the  high 
mountains,  it  becomes  a  tree  of  twenty  feet  in  height ;  but  on 
the  borders  of  the  sea,  among  the  brushwood,  it  seldom  attains 
a  greater  height  than  that  of  six  or  seven  feet.  The  branches 
spread  out  horizontally  and  are  thickly  covered  with  leaves. 
It  is  remarkable  for  the  ferruginous  down  spread  over  the 
petioles  and  young  leaves,  as  well  as  upon  the  peduncles  and 
calyx  of  the  flowers.  The  bark  is  smooth  and  blackish,  but 
the  younger  branches  are  gray  and  downy.  The  leaves  are 
alternsite,  oval,  somewhat  acuminately  and  abruptly  pointed, 
entire,  smooth  and  shining  above,  tomentose  beneath  when 
young,  aftovward  only  so  on  the  nerves,  three  to  four  inches 
long  by  about  two  inches  wide ;  the  petioles  from  a  quarter  to 
half  an  inch  long.  The  flowers  are  small,  disposed  in  short, 
axillary  coryml)s,  containing  in  each  cluster  about  seven  to  ten. 
The  calyx  is  villous  and  ferruginous,  li  v^e-parted,  the  divisions 
ovate  and  somewhat  acute ;  the  petals,  five  in  numbei',  are  nar- 
row, linear-oblong,  about  the  length  of  the  divisions  of  the 
calyx,  nnguiculate,  concave,  and  partly  embracing  the  stamens, 
which  are  about  the  same  length.  Fleshy  disk  of  the  germ 
conspicuous,  broadly  five-lobed.     The  style  is  simple,  terminating 


SNAKE-WOOD. 


197 


\ferm  ad 

N".  Am., 
p.  90. 
'peicilo. — 

at  Key 
this  im- 
which  I 
)anng  it 
luhrhnis, 
of  their 
ctin,  the 
the  high 
;  but  on 
1  attains 
branches 
1  leaves, 
over   the 
icles  and 
kish,  but 
eaves  arc 

pointed, 
ith  when 
ur  inches 
quarter  to 

in  short, 
en  to  ten. 
I  divisions 
r,  are  nar- 
ns  of  the 
3  stamens, 

the  germ 
;;rminating 


in  three  simple,  obtuse  stigmas.  The  fruit,  nearly  half-way 
embraced  by  the  persistent  base  of  the  calyx,  is  a  capsule  of 
three  lobes,  with  th'^ee  valves  and  three  elastic  cells.  The 
seeds  are  solitary,  nearlv  round,  and  somewhat  compressed, 
shining  and  black,  remaming,  often  after  the  lapse  of  the  cap- 
sule, attached  to  the  base  of  the  cells.  With  the  wood  of  this 
tree  or  its  economy  I  am  unacquainted. 

Another  species  of  this  genus,  with  smooth,  elliptic,  and  some- 
what acuminated  leaves  on  longish  petioles,  occurs,  according  to 
La  Sagra,  in  Cuba.  In  this  also  the  small  axillary  umbels  are 
very  few-flowered,  smooth,  and  pedicellated :  this  might  be  called 
Cohihrina  glabra. 

PLATE  LVIII. 

A  oranch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  umbel  of  flowers,    b.  The  flower  a 
little  enlarged,    c.  The  seed  remaining  attached  to  the  receptacle. 


Ifillliimnillil 


i  i!    I 


hi  ■■   i 


I:  } 


i"  :''i 


ill 


...if'' 


i  nil  lit 

1  it'  'II 


BUCKTHORN. 


Natural  Order,  RiiAMNEiE.     Linncean  Classification,  Pentandria, 

MONOGYNIA. 

RHAMNUS.*    (Linn.) 

Calyx  urceolate,  with  tlie  border  4  or  5-cleft.  Petals  four  or  five, 
alternating  with  the  calyx,  entire,  emarginate  or  2-lobecl,  more 
or  less  convolute,  sometimes  wanting.  Torus  thin,  lining  the  tube 
of  the  calyx.  Stamina  situated  before  the  petals.  Ovary  free,  and 
not  immersed  in  the  torus  or  disk,  2  to  4-celled.  Styles  two  to 
four,  distinct,  or  combined.  Fruit  drupaceous,  containing  two  to 
four  cartilaginous  nuts. 

The  Buckthorns  are  all  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate  and 
rarely  opposite  leaves,  on  short  petioles,  often  pennately  nerved. 
The  flowers  are  small  and  greenish,  usually  in  short  axillary  clusters 
or  small  corymbs. 


CAROLINA  BUCKTHORN. 

RiiAMNUs  Carolinianus,  (Walter,  Flor.  Carol.,  p.  101.)  Eredas, 
foliis  ovali-oblongis  integriuscuUs  glahris,  umbeUis  pcdmiculdtis,  Jloriljus 
hermaphrodites,  fructibus  globosis, — Michaux,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  i. 
p.  153.     Decand.,  Prod.,  vol.  ii.  p.  26. 

Ehamnus  Carolinianus.  Erect,  unarmed;  leaves  oval-oblong,  ob- 
scurely serrate,  nearly  glabrous,  (or  rarely  pubescent  beneath;) 


*  From  the  Celtic  ram,  branchiug ;  and  hence  the  Greek  pa/ivot. 
198 


ANDRIA, 


or  five, 
id,  more 
the  tube 
free,  and 
s  two  to 
;  two  to 


nate  and 

nei-ved. 

^  clustera 


Erectus, 
is,  fioribus 
m.,  vol.  i. 

)long,  ob- 
beneatli ;) 


kVOZ. 


!   f. 


il 


li 


11 


l»l  LLY. 


t'itrolirui  biicklliiti'M. 


r  ii  I 


III 


CAROLINA    BUCKTHORN. 


199 


umbels  axillary,  on  peiluncles  much  shorter  than  the  petioles; 
flowers  perfect,  pentandrous,  (sometimes  tetrandrons;)  petals  mi- 
nute, embracing  tb.e  very  short  stamens;  styles  united  to  the  sum- 
mit; stigmas  three;  fruit  globose,  rather  dry,  3  to  4-seeded. — 
ToRREY  and  Gray,  Flora  N.  Anier.,  i.  p.  262. 

This  fine  Buckthorn,  though  usually  a  shrub  in  our  Southern 
and  Southwestern  forests,  on  tlie  borders  of  Palmetto  Creek, 
Laurens  county,  in  Georgia,  the  late  Mr.  Croom  observed  trees 
of  this  species  thirty  to  forty  feet  high.  In  the  forests  of 
Arkansas,  they  attain  the  height  of  ordinary  Peach  or  Apple 
Trees,  and,  congregated  together,  produce  shady  groves  of  con- 
siderable extent.  The  quality  or  uses  of  its  wood  remain  a 
desideratum.  The  stems  are,  however,  slender  for  their  heiglit, 
being  not  more  than  four  to  six  inches  in  diameter. 

The  leaves  are  three  to  six  inches  long  and  one  to  two  inches 
wide,  oval-oblong  and  widening  toward  the  summit,  the  ex- 
tremity more  or  less  briefly  acuminate,  the  border  slenderly 
serrulate,  and  sometimes  irregularly  waved;  the  lateral  pennate 
veins  are  ten  to  twelve,  and  rather  distant;  the  very  young 
leaves  before  expansion  are  somewhat  ferruginously  villous. 
Umbels  on  stout  pedicels,  from  10  to  lu-Uowered.  The  calyx 
pubescent  but  not  ferruginous,  the  segments  lanceolate;  petals 
two-lobed  at  the  extremity.  Tlie  fruit,  black,  as  large  as  a 
small  pea,  is  mostly  three-seeded.  Seeds  black,  plano-convex, 
without  a  groove. 

This  species  begins  to  appear  in  North  Carolina,  and  extends 
through  Georgia  to  Florida.  West  of  the  Mississippi,  it  is 
abundant  on  the  banks  of  ti.e  Arkansas,  and  Mr.  Say  collected 
it  within  the  range  of  the  IJocky  Mountains. 

In  Bartram's  Botanic  Garden,  at  Kingsessing,  where  this 
species  is  perfectly  hardy,  it  forms  an  elegant  tree,  and  has 
attained  the  height  of  nearly  twenty-five  feet  in  twenty  years. 
Colonel  Carr,the  late  wortliy  proprietor  of  tiiis  interi'sting  garden, 
tells  me  tliat  for  a  considerable  time  the  berries  remain  red,  and 


Ill  1^ 
II; 


Hi  I 


<( 


Ml   , 


liil 


V 


200 


PURSirS     BUCKTHORN. 


are  very  ornamental;  at  length  toward  winter  they  turn  black, 
and  remain  so  for  a  long  time,  until  some  famished  flock  of 
robins  falls  upon  and  strips  them  nearly  at  once. 

PLATE   LIX. 

A  branch  of  the  naturol  size.    a.  Thcjlower  enlanjed.     h.  The  hcrries. 


PURSH'S    BUCKTHORN. 

Rhamn'US  PuusiiiANUi?,  (Dccaiid.)  Inermis,  crcdm^,  foUis  fato-cUtptirls 
winutc  daUk'ulato-serraiis  subtus  jmbcscintibus  vcrvis  lateralibus  obliqiiis 
lincati.'^,  pcdimcuUs  axiUaribas  itinbcllatis  Jluribusijuc pHbi\'<ctnttbt(.'t,  ndycc 
5-Jido,  pdalis  minulis  cucidbdis. — IIouk.,  Flor.  Hor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  \,.  123, 
t.  43.     Uecand.   1  ;'od.,  vol.  11,  p.  25. 

Rhamnus  (dnifolius. — Plrsh,  Flor.  Am.  Sept.,  vol.  i.  p.  IGO,  (iioii 
L'llcrdlcr.) 

This  is  another  species  of  Buckthorn  wliich  becomes  a  tree  of 
ten  to  twenty  feet  elevation,  witli  a  trunk  of  nine  inches  in 
diameter.  It  was  discovered  witiiin  the  Kocky  Mountain  range, 
on  the  banks  of  Salmon  liiver,  by  Captain  Lewis;  and  it  is 
of  common  occurrence  on  the  borders  of  the  Oregon,  in  tlie 
upland  sliady  woods  near  ibe  skirts  of  the  prevailing  Pine 
forests.  Men/ies  also  uu  t  with  this  tree  near  Nootka,  on  the 
northwest  coast  of  America,  it  bears  a  strong  reseiid)lance  to 
the  /('.  CuroJinlatnifi;  but  the  leaves  are  broader,  shorter,  and 
more  decidedly  serrated,  and  the  l,((rry  is  strongly  tliree-lobed. 

The  branclu'S  are  round,  dark  brown,  and  i)ubescent.  The 
leaves  are  three  to  five  inches  long,  petiolate,  deciduous,  l)ut  at 
length  somewhat  coriaceous,  broadly  idliptic,  rounded  or  rarely 
homewhat  acute  at  the  base,  obtuse  or  sometimes  very  shortly 


CATHARTIC     li  U  C  K  T  II  0  R  N. 


■201 


black, 
ock  of 


ernes. 


o-(iliptlclii 

(S  vbUqnts 

')us,  cabjce 

ii.  \>.  123, 

IGG,  (novi 

a  tree  of 
inches  in 
lin  range, 
and  it  in 
m,  in  the 
ling    Pine 
ta,  on  the 
ibhuioe  to 
Drter,  and 
ee-lobod. 
ent.     The 
ons,  l)ut  at 
I  or  rarely 
cry  shortly 


acuminate,  the  margin  minutely  serrulate,  the  young  loaves 
l)ubescent  at  length,  only  so  on  Hie  nerves  beneath,  the  nerves 
in  oblique  lines;  petioles  puliescent.  Stipules  quickly  deciduous, 
peduncles  solitary,  an  inch  or  more  long,  undK'llated;  pedicels 
pubescent,  elongated  in  the  fruit.  Calyx  externally  pubescent, 
six-cleft;  the  segments  acute,  internally  cariiuxte.  Petals  minute, 
cucullate,  bifid  at  the  apex,  shorter  than  the  cal^x,  very  concave, 
and  cucullate.  Stamens  opposite  the  petals  and  involved  in 
them.  Germ  small,  ovate.  Stjle  shorter  than  the  genn;  the 
stigma  obtuse  and  three-lobed.  Berry  wider  above,  three-celled, 
three-seeded.  The  seed  obovate,  jjlack,  very  shining,  convex 
externally,  internally  with  a  central,  elevated  line  at  the  base, 
at  the  hylum  yellow. 


The  Catiiautic  Buckthorn  {Rhammis  cafharticus)  appears  to 
''•  r  native  of  the  Northern  States  of  the  Union,  as  it  occurs  in 
*'  v.'ildest  situations.  The  berries  and  syrup  of  this  s[)ecies 
have  long  been  employed  in  medicine.  Tl«"  juice  of  the  lu'ri-ii's, 
in  a  dose  of  five  or  six  drachms,  proves  a  strong  cathartic;  but 
it  is  generally  made  into  a  syruj).  The  bark  has  also  an  emetic 
quality.  The  juice  of  the  unripe  berries  with  alum  gives  a 
yellow  dye;  that  of  the  ripe  fruit,  concentrated  l)y  evajioi'ation, 
and  treated  in  the  same  manner  with  a  Sv)lution  of  alum,  gives 
a  green  paste. — the  sap-green  enqdoyed  by  painters. — ami.  from 
the  manner  in  which  it  is  prepared  for  sale,  is  called,  in  Fnuice, 
vo't  de  vcftsie. 

In  New  England,  particularly  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  this 
species  is  much  employed  for  nselul  and  ornamental  hedges,  and, 
bearing  well  to  be  cut,  grt)wing  thick,  and  remaining  green  till 
winter,  it  is  strongly  recommended  for  this  useful  ))urpose. 


iv.-iu* 


iiii  ih 


MANCHINEEL. 


Natural  Onler,  Eupiiorbiace/E  ?    Linncean  Classification,  MoNffi- 

CIA,  MONADELPHIA. 


W       i 


HIPrOMANE.*    (Linn.) 

MoNfficious. — Male  flowers  with  a  snbcampanulate,  emarginate  calyx 
and  no  corolla.  A  single  columnar  filament  terminating  in  four 
anthers. — In  the  fertile  flower  there  is  a  3-leaved  calyx  and  no 
corolla.  Style  very  short.  Stifjma  6  or  7-eleft.  Fruit,  a  drupe  con- 
taining a  pix  to  s'jvon  or  more  celled  nut;  each  cell  with  one  seed; 
the  cells  indeh.iscent. 

A  larg'f  poisonous  tree  of  Tropical  America,  with  alternate,  entire 
leaves;  the  male  flowers  clustced  in  interrupted,  terminal  spikes. 
The  fruit  solitary  and  sessile,  resembling  an  apple. 


MANCHINEEL. 


Ml 


III., 


HiPPOMANE  MANCINELLA.     Foliis  ovatis  sarati.'i. — Linn.,  Willd.,  Sp.  pi. 

Lamarck,  lllust.,  t.  703.     Jacq.,  Am.,  edit,  pict,  t.  238.     Audlet, 

Guian.,  vol.  ii.  p.  885. 
Mains  Americana,  Inuroccrasi  folio,  venenata,     Mancinello  arbor  scu  Mas- 

sinilia  dicta. — Commel.,  Ilort.,  vol.  i.  p.  131,  t.  68. 
Juglandi  affinis  arbor  juUfcra,  lactescem,  venenata,  pyrifolia,  Maneanillo 

Hispanis  dicta. — Sloane,  tlamalc.  Hist.,  vol.  ii.  p.  3,  t.  159. 

*  Kruiu  irTi/f,  a  liorgr,  and  fiavtu,  viadiicus.    Tin*  uauic,  howovor,  was  appliui 
by  thu  Greeks  t(i  a  very  Jiffcrout  plant  whicli  ^ncw  in  Arcadia,  suid  to  render 
horses  furious. 
202 


MONCE- 


ite  calyx 
y  in  four 
and  no 
pupe  con- 
)ne  seed ; 


itc,  entire 
al  spikes. 


.LD.,  Sp.  pi. 

AUBLET, 

or  sell  31as- 


Mancanillo 

r,  WU8  iippUei 
luid  to  rouder 


i; 


!M  ]>X 


Manciiiiici>| . 

flippomane  ■  l(<ni('ine//<t  ,  ifatweniffter 


M  A  N  CHINEE  L. 


208 


Mancanilla  pjrifiuk. — Plumiek,  Gen.,  p.  40,  t.  3.    ^ISS.  vol.  vi.  t. 

109.     Cate.sby's  Carol.,  vol.  ii.  p.  95,  t.  9o, 
Arbor  Amiriama  Maiicinollo  dicta,  frmiu  pomi  irnaiato,  raiclci's  scpicnis 

et  pluribus,  in  ossiculo  muriMto,  totidcni  loculis  dif^pcrlilo,  incitisis, — Pi-u- 

KV.S,  Alinag.,  p.  44.     Phytog.,  tab.  142,  fig.  4. 
JSippomane  arhorcani  laelcsccns,  ramidia  Irrnatis;  pcliulis  (jlandala  notutii ; 
Jioribus  spicoi.is,  vii.vU-i. — Buowne,  Jam.,  p.  351. 

The  Manchiiioel  Tree  attains  a  great  size  on  the  sea-coast  in 
various  parts  of  the  West  India  IsUinds  and  tiio  neighboring 
continent.  It  has  also  been  found  growing  very  conunon  at 
Key  West,  in  low  places,  where  it  attains  the  height  of  thirty 
to  forty  leet.  It  hns  much  the  aspect  of  a  Pear  Tree  at  a  dis- 
tance, while  the  fruit  n  senibles  in  appearance  and  scent  a  small 
apple,  and  is  produced  In  such  abundance  that  the  ground,  when 
they  fall,  appears  as  if  it  were  paved  with  them;  they  possess, 
however,  very  little  pulp,  being  internally  occupied  by  a  deeply- 
grooved  nut  as  large  as  a  chestnut.  No  animal,  except  goats 
and  macaws,  chooses  to  feed  on  them ;  and  they  become  dry, 
brown,  and  spongy,  and  as  useless  as  they  are  deleterious.  The 
wood,  on  the  contrary,  is  in  great  esteon  for  tables,  cabinets, 
and  other  articles  of  furniture,  ])eing  close-grained,  heavy, 
durable,  finely  variegated  with  brown,  white,  and  shades  of 
yellow,  and  susceptible  of  a  high  polish.  Table,'  made  of  it 
almost  resemble  marble,  and  are  equally  smooth  and  shining. 
Great  caution,  however,  is  neccssarj'  in  felling  the  tree;  and, 
before  they  begin,  it  is  the  usual  practice  of  the  workmen, 
first  to  kindle  a  fire  round  the  stem,  by  which  means  the 
milky  sap  becomes  so  much  inspissated  as  not  to  follow  the 
blows  of  the  axe.  They  also  take  the  fin'ther  pi'ecaution  to 
cover  the  fo,ce  with  a  net  of  gauze,  lo  prevent  the  access  both 
of  the  juice  and  the  particles  of  sap-wood,  which  might  be  dele- 
terious. 

All  parts  of  the  Manchinool  Tree  nboimd  with  a  white,  milky 
sap,  whioli  is  very  [)oisouous.  and  m)  «aii>tif  that  a  sin;;le  drop 


I 
i  1 


;'    I:  I 


204 


M  A  N  C  II I  N  E  E  L. 


!l 


;l!!l 


h     i      -M 


.'?' 


received  upon  the  back  of  the  hand  immediately  produces  the 
.sensation  of  tlie  touch  of  a  coal  of  fire,  and  soon  raises  a  watery 
I)lister.  The  Indians,  according  to  Ihnvkiiis.  used  to  poison 
their  arrows  with  this  juice,  which  n-taincd  its  venom  for  a, 
long  time.  Another  and  much  more  deadly  poison  was  com- 
monly used  for  this  purpose,  however,  hy  the  American  savages 
of  the  warmer  parts  of  America. — namely,  the  vantri,  chielly 
obtained  from  the  juice  of  the  Sti'i/clnKis ;  and  this  was  distiu- 
guisjiable  by  producing  the  elli'ct  of  tclunii-^  or  lockjaw,  which, 
mostly  fatal,  was  .sometimes  protracted  for  several  days  before 
producing  death.  It  is  reported  that  many  of  the  Europeans 
who  fu'st  landed  in  Surinam  died  suddenly  from  sleeping  under 
this  tree;  and  there  may  probably  be  some  foundation  in  truth 
for  such  reports,  when  we  take  into  consideration  the  volatile 
nature  of  the  poisonous  principle  of  the.«e  plants.  As  in  the 
venomous  species  of  Rhus  or  Sumacli,  also,  while  many  in- 
dividuals are  aflfected  by  the  poison,  others,  for  no  evident 
reason,  can  touch  (u*  handle  these  plants  with  impunity.  Hence, 
though  Jacquin  asserts  that  he  reposed  under  the  shade  of  the 
Manchineel  for  the  space  of  three  hours  without  experiencing 
any  inconvenience,  it  does  not  follow  that  it  would  be  equally 
Inirmless  to  all  who  should  hazard  the  experiment;  and,  with  a 
laudable  prudence,  the  inhal)itantsof  Martinique  formerly  burned 
down  whole  woods  of  the  Manchineel  in  order  to  clear  their 
country  of  so  dangerous  a  pest. 

Catesby  acknowledges  that  he  was  not  sufficiently  satisfied  of 
its  poisonous  qualities  "till,  assisting  in  the  cutting  down  a  tree 
of  this  kind  on  Aiidroa  Island,  I  j)aid  for  my  incredulity:  some 
of  the  milky  poisonous  juice  spirting  in  my  eyes,  I  was  two 
days  totally  deprived  of  sight,  and  my  eyes  and  face  mucii 
swelled,  and  felt  a  violent  ])ricking  pain  the  first  twenty-four 
hours,  which  from  that  time  abated  gradually  with  the  swelling, 
and  went  off'  without  any  application  or  lemedy,  none  in  that 


'  'iLi- 1 


yi  A  N  C  II I  N  E  E  L. 


20.0 


uninhabited  islantl  being  to  be  had.  It  is  no  wonder  that  the 
sap  of  this  tree  should  be  so  virulent,  when  rain  or  dew  falling 
from  its  leaves  on  the  naked  body  causes  blisters  on  tlie  skin, 
and  even  the  eflluvia  of  it  are  so  noxious  as  to  affect  the  senses 
of  those  which  stand  any  time  under  its  shade." 

Oily  substances  are  considered  the  best  remedy  for  this 
poison.  Some  also  recommend  a  large  glass  of  sea-water  to 
be  drank  instantly  as  a  preventive. 

The  branches  of  the  Manchineel  are  covered  with  a  grayisli, 
smooth  bark.  The  leaves,  which  fall  amiually,  are  alternate, 
petiolate,  numerous,  oval,  jjointed,  almost  cordate  at  the  base, 
slightly  and  distantly  serrulate,  dai"k  green,  rather  thick, 
shining,  veined,  and  transversely  nerved,  three  to  four  inches 
long  by  about  two  inches  wide.  Stipules  oval  and  caducous. 
The  flowers  are  small  and  of  a  yellow  color,  mona'cious,  and 
grow  upon  straight,  torminal  spikes,  like  catkins.  The  male 
flowers  are  minute,  collected  together  in  clusters  of  about  thirty 
together,  each  cluster  subtended  by  a  concave,  caducous  scale. 
The  calycine  scales  are  accompanied  at  their  base  by  two  large, 
lateral,  orbicular,  depressed  glands.  The  fertile  flowers  are 
sessile  and  solitary.  The  drupe,  in  color  and  odor,  is  so  like 
a  small  apple  that  it  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  it;  it  is 
shining,  and  of  a  yellowish-green  color,  with  a  white  and  milky 
pulp.  It  contains  a  thick,  bony  nut,  full  of  angular  crests 
which  project  almost  through  the  skin ;  it  has,  ordinarily,  six 
or  seven,  sometimes  as  many  as  fourteen  ?  one-seeded  cells,  which 
have  no  spontaneous  dehiscence  or  valves.  The  male  flowers 
have  a  very  small  one-leaved,  roundish,  bifid  calyx,  with  a 
straiglit,  slender  filament  as  long  again  as  the  calyx,  bearing 
four  roundish  anthers.  The  /ninth'  flower,  like  the  preceding, 
has  no  corolla,  and  consists  of  a  three-leaved  calyx,  with  round- 
ish, obtuse,  connivent  leaflets.  The  ovary  is  oval.  su[)eri()r,  as 
long  as  the  cal}  x,  surmounted  by  a  straight,  short  style,  deeply 


If]  :! 


'■   ^   M 


1 


i 


!;.[ 


206 


A  L  E  U  R  I  T  E  S. 


divided  into  six  or  seven  long,  subulate,  pointed,  and  retlected 

PLATE  LX. 


stigmas. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.  a.  The  male  flower,  b.  The  apple-like, 
drupe  of  the  natural  magnitude,  c.  A  transverse  section  of  the  drupe 
having  six  cells  and  one  abortive  cell.  d.  The  seed,  of  its  natural  mag- 
nitude,   e.  The  kernel,  with  the  inverted  embryo  of  the  natural  size. 


The  poisonous  Upas,  {Antiaris  foxirarki,)  bearing  solitary, 
female  flowers  with  two  styles  and  an  unequal  drupaceous 
fruit,  though  only  of  one  cell,  still  approaches  nearer  to  the 
anomalous  Manchineel,  in  this  family,  than  to  any  plant  of  the 
Artocarpece,  with  which  it  is  so  unnaturally  associated. 

Aleurites,  by  its  fruit,  a  two-celled,  two-seeded,  indehiscent 
drupe,  appears  to  be  almost  intermediate  with  Antiaris  and 
Hippomane.  We  are  unacquainted  with  the  structure  of  the 
seed  in  Antiaris ;  but  the  obliquity  of  the  fruit,  and  its  swelling 
out  more  to  one  side,  would  seem  to  indicate  the  presence  of 
two  germs.  These  poisonous  plants,  as  well  as  the  Aleurites, 
seem  to  form  a  natural  group,  which  further  observation  must 
decide ;  if  so  considered,  they  might  bear  the  name  of  Hippo- 
MAXEiE,  from  the  well-known  Manchineel,  and  will  be  distin- 
guished chiefly  from  the  EuPiiORBiACEiE  by  their  indehiscent, 
drupaceous  fruit  of  one  or  two  to  seven  or  more  one-seeded 
cells,  in  place  of  three,  the  characteristic  number  in  Euphor- 
biaceaj. 

The  large  oily  kernels  of  the  Aleurites  triloba,  known  in  the 
Sandwich  and  Friendly  Islands  by  the  name  of  Too-tooe,  are 
employed  by  the  natives,  generally,  for  lights :  pierced  with  a 
skewx'r,  they  are  lighted  like  a  candle  or  a  torch,  and  burn  well 
and  for  a  long  time,  giving  out  a  bright  flame  and  smoke.  An 
excellent  oil  is  obtained  from  these  nuts  by  expression,  which 


A  L  E  U  R  I  T  E  S. 


207 


it'cted 


ijde-Uke 
;  drupe 
al  mag- 


is  used  for  a  variety  of  purposes,  and  answers  well  for  paint. 
It  constitutes,  likewise,  one  of  the  most  ornamental  and  charac- 
teristic trees  of  the  forest,  visible  at  a  great  distance  by  the 
paleness  and  whiteness  of  its  verdure,  and  hence  the  name  of 
Aleurites  given  to  it  by  Forsetcr,  from  its  mealy  appearance. 
It  grows  rapidly  and  affords  a  fine  shade,  producing  leaves 
which  resemble  those  of  the  Plane  Tree. 


Dlitary, 

)aceous 

to  the 

of  the 


shiscent 
ris  and 
(  of  the 
swelling 
lence  of 
leurites, 
3n  must 
f  Hippo- 
e  distin- 
ihiscent, 
le-seeded 
Euphor- 


END  OF  VOL.  I.  OF   NUTT.ALL- 


I    !l 


srn  in  the 
tooe,  are 
'd  with  a 
barn  well 
oke.  An 
3n,  which 


■REOTTPED  BY  L,  JOHNSON  k  00. 
FBIUI>EI,I>BIA. 


